连作对新疆绿洲棉田土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

对新疆绿洲棉田不同连作年限棉花根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及土壤理化性质进行研究,结果表明:(1)随着连作年限的延长,细菌数量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,真菌数量则一直在增加,放线菌趋势不明显,说明新疆绿洲棉田土壤在连作一定年限后,棉田土壤由细菌型向真菌型转变;(2)脲酶和蛋白酶活性随连作年限增加表现出先增加后减少趋势;蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性与连作年限关系不明显;(3)对微生物数量、土壤酶和土壤理化性质的相关性分析表明,脲酶和蛋白酶与细菌数量呈现良好的正相关性,其中脲酶的相关性最好,呈极显著水平(ρ＜0.01),蛋白酶呈显著水平(ρ＜0.05);土壤酶与放线菌和真菌之间没有明显的相关性;细菌数量与有机质、全氮和速效氮之间呈显著正相关,与总盐含量呈显著负相关.     

人工养殖西伯利亚狍肠道微生物组成的雌雄差异

肠道微生物是一个复杂的生态系统,与宿主的健康、疾病以及其他因素有着密切的关系。目前,关于肠道菌群结构和功能的研究较多,但是对西伯利亚狍肠道菌群的研究还未见报道。西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)属于反刍动物,有独特的消化特性和微生物群来帮助它们适应高纤维的食物。本研究利用高通量测序技术在Illumina MiSeq平台上对14只狍肠道微生物进行16S rRNA基因分析。结果表明:个体样本中门类组成的差异,雌性个体JY3和雄性个体JY9除Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Proteobacteria这3类菌群外,其他门类菌群所占比例都很低。在科水平上,雌性个体中Ruminococcaceae在JY7和JY13肠道内含量相对较少,Bacteroidaceae在JY7,JY10和JY13中含量较高。雄性个体中Ruminococcaceae在JY11和JY14肠道内含量较少,Prevotellaceae在JY4中含量较少。在属水平上,雌性个体特有的菌属为Roseburia,Alloprevotella,Lachnospiraceae_incertae_sedis和Coprococcus;雄性个体特有的菌属为Fusobacterium,Succiniclasticum,Streptococcus和Clostridium sensu stricto。Alpha多样性分析表明,Ace指数范围2128.93—772.98,Chao1指数范围2128.89—785.27,Shannon指数范围5.44—3.78,Simpson指数范围0.07—0.01。在不同物种分类水平上,雌雄狍肠道内的优势菌群有些不同。PCoA(principal co-ordinates analysis)分析显示,狍样本几乎混在一起,没有明显差异。     

鹅肠道微生物研究进展

肠道微生物是当前研究的热点,鹅肠道微生物的组成与丰富程度不仅和鹅的生长性能密切相关,而且在鹅机体生理活动中具有一定的调节作用,同时与疾病的发生和发展具有密切的联系.通过研究鹅肠道微生物的调节,从而达到促生长或者治疗疾病的目的,是目前鹅研究探寻的新方向.文章主要综述了鹅肠道微生物的组成及其变化规律,以期为鹅产业生物饲料的...     

长期免耕稻田的土壤微生物与肥力关系研究

对经过10年自然免耕后稻田的基本肥力特征、主要微生物类群的数量以及水稻农艺性状进行了探讨。结果表明：土壤肥力方面,该免耕方式能提高土壤肥力,垄作和厢作的全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷以及有机质显著比常规平作高,且上层（0-7.5cm)和下层（7.5-30cm）的肥力水平差异不显著,但仍有上层高于下层的规律;微生物持征方面,各处理细菌数量呈明显的季节性变化,但免耕处理的微生物生长条件较稳定,季节性不明显;自生固氮菌与纤维素分解菌之间相互促进,有利于有机质的积累;自然免耕能提高作物产量,减少杂草生长。     

Numbers of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the rumen as estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction

Cell numbers of known species of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wollinella succinogenes , in the rumen of goats (25–30 kg) were estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of S. ruminantium was the largest of the three species examined, and tended to be greater in goats fed a high-concentrate diet (5.6 × 10⁷ cells/mL rumen fluid) than in goats fed a high-roughage diet (1.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL). The number of V. parvula tended to be greater when goats were fed a high-roughage diet (6.7 × 10³/mL) than when fed a high-concentrate diet (3.2 × 10³/mL). The number of W. succinogenes was below the detectable level (< 1.0 × 10²/mL) when a high-concentrate diet was fed, but was significantly increased by feeding a high-roughage diet (1.6 × 10³/mL). Addition of potassium nitrate (6 g/day) to the high-concentrate diet tended to increase V. parvula , and significantly increased W. succinogenes , indicating that these two bacteria can be increased by feeding a diet containing nitrate.     

Effect of cyclodextrin diallyl maleate on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes in vitro and in vivo

Effects of β‐cyclodextrin diallyl maleate (CD‐M) on methane production, ruminal fermentation and digestibility were studied both in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study, diluted ruminal fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD‐M using hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) as a substrate. The CD‐M was added at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/L). The pH of the medium and numbers of protozoa were not affected by the addition of CD‐M. Total volatile fatty acids were increased and ammonia‐N was decreased, molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) by 14–76%. The effect of CD‐M on methane production and ruminal fermentation was further investigated in vivo using four Holstein steers in a cross‐over design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (1.5:1) with or without CD‐M (2% of feed dry matter) as a supplement. Ruminal proportion of acetate tended to decrease and that of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) 2 h after CD‐M dosing. Total viable counts, cellulolytic, sulfate reducing, acetogenic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected while methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased, whereas that of urea‐N was decreased (P < 0.05). Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) from 36.4 to 30.1 L/kg dry matter intake by the addition of CD‐M. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were not affected while that of crude protein was increased (P < 0.05) in the medicated steers. These data suggested that dietary supplementation of CD‐M decreased methane production and improved nutrient use.     

9种嗜热菌处理猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响

研究了不同的外源菌剂处理过的猪粪堆肥对植物生长的影响,首先从北京周边地区的养殖场猪粪、垃圾场中筛选出了9株高效降解有机物的嗜热菌,将其扩大培养,分别接种到猪粪中,堆肥发酵。经发酵完全后。作基肥对一串红进行种植试验,观察其对一串红生长的影响。从株高、叶量、冠幅、根长、叶绿素含量等方面进行了观测,通过主成分分析方法,计算出了一串红生长的形态和生理两个主要指标,继而通过此指标来检测了这9种猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响。结果表明：接种外源菌种处理的猪粪堆肥对在形态方面对一串红生长有较好的影响。其中GX-3菌种在堆肥过程中有利于腐殖酸的形成,从而促进了一串红的形态生长。     

秸秆还田对土壤微生物影响的研究进展

秸秆还田是有效利用秸秆资源的重要途径。土壤微生物在秸秆腐解和营养元素释放过程中具有举足轻重的作用,而另一方面秸秆本身也会对土壤微生物产生较大的影响。秸秆还田概况入手,从不同的秸秆还田方式、外源添加物、不同的秸秆还田量、耕作制度和转基因秸秆几个方面综述了目前国内外秸秆还田对土壤微生物影响的研究报告。目前已有文献的研究大多集中在土壤微生物量方面,但并没有形成一致的观点,且缺乏对土壤微生物长期动态和功能群的研究。据此认为应在今后的研究中加强以下几个方面：以更为先进的方法结合多种研究手段揭示秸秆还田过程中土壤微生物的实际情况;开展关于秸秆分解整个过程中土壤微生物的动态变化研究;以微生物功能群为单位研究秸秆还田对微生物的影响;采用多种不同的方法和长期的观察以研究转基因作物秸秆还田后对土壤微生物生态的影响。     

杨树混交林地土壤微生物与酶活性的变异研究

对北京大兴县林场和河南省民权国营林场２块试验林，面积分别为１．８６ｈｍ￣２和３．２ｈｍ￣２，连续四年（１９９２－１９９５）进行土壤微生物与酶活性定位观测和定量分析，研究杨树不同混交模式土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的变异及其对土壤营养元素含量和林木生长的影响。结果表明：（１）杨树混交可以提高林地土壤微生物数量，５种处理间存在差异（Ｐ＝７９％）。（２）不同混交处理，土壤酶活性存在差异（Ｐ＝８７％），其中转化酶、磷酸酶在Ａ、Ｃ处理中增长较明显；５种酶活性之间差异极显著（Ｐ＞９９％）。（３）杨树混交林的土壤营养元素、土壤微生物、酶活性与林地生产力关系密切。     

多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床处理低浓度废水的研究

本文报道用厌氧流化床反应器处理低浓度有机废水的可行性研究结果。采用多孔高分子载体固定厌氧微生物和流态化技术强化传质过程,可克服低浓度有机废水甲烷化能力低的障碍。实验表明,在３５±１℃条件下,处理ＣＯＤ浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ的人工葡萄糖废水,床层最优膨胀率为５０％,容积有机负荷率为１９．２ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率达７０％;处理ＣＯＤ浓度为２２０～２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的城市污水,容积有机负荷率为２．４～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４％～５６％。