Physicochemical characteristics of flours of faba bean as influenced by processing methods

Wet- and dry-processing with and without heating treatments were used to dehull faba beans for preparation of flours from the cotyledons. Flour qualities were assessed by levels of tannin and trypsin inhibitor and other measures of proximate composition. High roasting temperature and shorter process time that improved the recovered cotyledon yields were verified significant by path analysis methodologies. In turn, the higher cotyledon recoveries correlated with higher protein levels and inversely with the measured tannin levels. Ash reductions were correlated to the wet processing options in hull removal while reductions in the insoluble dietary fiber were notably influenced by level of heating temperatures applied. Trypsin inhibitor levels ranged from 42 to 56% of the original with reductions tied to applications of wet and/or heat processing in each case improved by increased durations and temperatures of treatments.     

双低菜籽脱皮冷榨膨化新工艺的研究

 将菜籽脱皮分离系统、双螺旋榨油机、高含油料挤压膨化机组装集成，形成了双低菜籽脱皮冷榨膨化新工艺，分析了新工艺的技术经济可行性。新工艺具有降低生产成本，提高产品质量，增加经济效益等突出特点。其生产成本为每吨142.85元，比预榨浸出工艺节约生产成本近20%；冷榨油达到国家二级菜籽油标准；浸出粕粗蛋白质含量达46%以上，达到一级饲料用低硫甙菜粕标准。脱皮冷榨膨化新工艺实现了双低菜籽的高效加工，产业化应用前景广阔。     

Cultivar and processing effects on the pasting characteristics,tannin content and protein quality and digestibility of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Four popular West African local cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), with distinctly different seed coat colors, were evaluated for their relative amylograph pasting characteristics, condensed tannin content, in vitro protein digestibility and Tetrahymena protein efficiency ratio (t-PER). The effects of roasting and dehulling on these properties were also determined. There were wide variations in the hot paste viscosity characteristics of the different cultivars studied. The raw cowpea flour samples exhibited maximum paste viscosities ranging between 260 Brabender Units (BU) for the Mottled cultivar and 460 BU for the cream-colored Blackeye cultivar. Cowpea cultivars with the greatest peak viscosities showed low stabilities to extended cooking. Roasting depressed paste viscosity properties of all the cowpea cultivars studied. Tannin concentrations were 0.3–6.9 and 7.2–116 mg CE/g flour from whole cowpea seeds and seed coats respectively, increasing with intensity of seed color. Although dehulling removed 98% of the tannin content of raw cowpeas, improvement in protein quality as a result of dehulling was observed for only the highly-pigmented Maroon-red variety. Roasting significantly improved digestibility and more than doubled the t-PER of all cowpea cultivars studied. Roasted cowpeas possess adequate nutritional and functional qualities as protein supplements in cereal-based weaning foods. However, it appears that dehulling is necessary to enhance the nutritional quality of the highly pigmented cultivars of cowpea.     

Changes in phytates and HCl extractability of calcium,phosphorus, and iron of soaked,dehulled, cooked,and sprouted pigeon pea cultivar (UPAS-120)

UPAS-120, a high yielding and early maturing variety of pigeon peas releasedby the Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar contained a significant amount of phytic acid, i.e. 886 mg/100 g. When it was subjected to various domestic processing and cooking methods viz. soaking (6, 12, 18 h), dehulling, ordinary as well as pressure cooking and germination (24, 36 and 48 h), a drastic decrease in level of phytic acid with a remarkable increase in the HCl-extractability of mono, divalent, andtrivalent ions, like calcium, phosphorus, and iron occurred. Germination (48 h) was found to be the best method for decreasing the phytic acid content, i.e.35 to 39 percent less than the control and significantly (p<0.05) increasingthe non-phytate phosphorus and HCl-extractable phosphorus. Pressure cooking of soaked-dehulled pigeon pea also rendered equally good results. The calcium, phosphorus and iron contents of pigeon pea seeds were 197.3, 473.1, and 9.91 mg/100 g, respectively; some losses varying from 3 to 9 percent were noticed when the legume was subjected to soaking, cooking, and germination but the maximum losses, i.e. 23 percent, occurred when the seeds were dehulled. However, HCl-extractability of Ca, P and Fe improved to a significant extent when the pigeon pea seeds were soaked, soaked-dehulled, cooked and sprouted which may have been due to decrease in the phytate content followed by processing and cooking. The significant negative correlations between the phytic acid and HCl-extractability of minerals of processed pigeon pea strengthens these findings.     

大豆水法脱皮及其力学特性的研究

进行了与大豆水法脱皮有关的一系列试验,包括大豆的压缩、剪切、豆皮的拉伸、松弛等基本力学特性试验,以及大豆在胶辊间脱皮机理分析。在脱皮试验台上进行了二次回归正交试验,研究了脱皮的主要因素对脱皮指标的影响,为水法脱皮提供了必要的工艺参数和设备的结构参数。     

Partial dehulling of barley effect the concentrations of both gross and ileal digestible amino acids in pigs

Five barrows (58 kg initial BW, 80 kg final BW) fitted with an ileo-rectal anastomosis were used to determine the effect of partial dehulling of two- and six-row barley varieties on the concentrations of ileal digestible amino acids (AA). The following diets were provided according to a standardized diet formulation and tested in five consecutive periods (repeated group-period design): two-row barley (TRB) + casein (C), dehulled TRB (TRB-H) + C, six-row barley (SRB) + C, dehulled SRB (SRB-H) + C, and wheat starch + C. Daily rates of approximately 80 g DM × kg BW^− 0.75 in barley diets and 49 g DM × kg BW^− 0.75 in the casein diet were supplied. The digestibility of AA in barley was determined by the difference method (casein as basal diet) using quantitative ileal effluent collection.

In TRB and SRB the ID of CP and AA did not differ. As demonstrated on selected key AA there were increases of both concentrations of gross AA and of ileal AA digestibility duo to dehulling. Consequently, the contents of ileal digestible AA were raised by up to 39% for lysine and 38% for methionine in TRB-H and SRB-H, respectively.     

Pretreatment of African Yam Bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphenostylis stenocarpa</Emphasis>): Effect of Soaking and Blanching on the Quality of African Yam Bean Seed

The effect of pretreatment (soaking in sodium salts and blanching) on hydration coefficient (HC), chemical composition, texture, and color of African yam bean (AYB) was investigated. Soaking in water and in salt solutions increased the HC and about 90% of final HC values were attained at 12 and 4 hr of soaking for whole and dehulled beans, respectively. Protein content was slightly increased by soaking and blanching while ash and fat contents were reduced. Generally, a combination of dehulling and wet-processing reduced firmness of the beans more than soaking or blanching of the whole beans. Antioxidant activity was lowest (3260 TE³100 g) in cream-colored beans and highest (16,600 TE/100 g) in brown-colored beans. The tannin contents of unprocessed cream-colored beans and dehulled wet-processed marble variety were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The levels of tannins in the marble variety were reduced by blanching for 40 min (19.2%), soaking for 12 hr (16.0%), dehulling (72.0%), dehulling and blanching (88.8%). The whiteness of bean flours was increased significantly by dehulling, slightly by wet-processing of marble variety, and reduced significantly by wet-processing of cream-colored beans. TE: micromole equivalents of Trolox (TE) per 100 g of a sample. L^∗ value value: determined by McBeth colorimeter (Minolta Co., Japan).     

Effect of processing on flatus producing oligosaccharides in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and the tropical African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)

The effect of dehulling, soaking and soaking/cooking on sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in mature dry seeds of nine varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and one variety of tropical African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were investigated. The results showed a progressive decrease in sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose contents. Soaking for 12 hours and cooking for 30 min eliminated most of the sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. The sugar contents in whole raw cowpea were sucrose 0.73–4.58%, raffinose 0.71–6.86% and stachyose 2.38–3.87%, and for tropical African yam bean sucrose 4.08%, raffinose 1.08% and stachyose 4.14% while the seeds soaked for 12 hours and cooked for 30 min had for cowpea sucrose 0.03–0.81%, raffinose 0.04–0.20% and stachyose 0.12–0.72%, and tropical African yam bean sucrose 0.70%, raffinose 0.40% and stachyose 0.41%.