Triticale,wheat, and rye growth rates and mineral accumulation at various growth stages

Abstract

Cultivars of triticale, wheat, and rye were grown with different N‐fertilizer rates and sampled at various maturity stages in 1975 to 1977. ‘6TA 131’ triticale, ‘Arthur’ wheat, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye were used as checks. Increasing N fertilizer rates increased dry matter and N accumulation in the above‐ground plant parts. However, after flowering losses of dry matter and N from the plants increased with N fertilizer rates. Triticale and rye generally absorbed more N from the soil than wheat. Triticale and wheat straw had higher P concentrations than rye. The head/straw concentration ratios were: triticale and rye>wheat for P, wheat>triticale and rye for K while Ca and Mg ratios were triticale>wheat>rye.     

Leaf elemental concentrations and grain yield of sorghum grown on an acid soil

Abstract

Determination of the nutrient requirements of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on acid soils is, a critical step in the development of plants which are adapted to these problem soils. Sorghum genotype, environment, and soil type interact with the uptake of elements and affect plant growth and production. This study compared the yields of a sorghum grain hybrid grown on a sandy loam soil at four acid pH levels. Nutrient concentrations in sorghum leaves on these soil regimes were also investigated. Grain yields declined 96% as soil pH decreased from 5.5 to 4.4. Leaf element analysis revealed that as pH decreased from 5.5 to 4.4, there was an increase in plant Al, Fe, Mn, K, P and a decrease in Cu, Zn, Mg, Ca. Interactions among several of these elements were readily apparent. Additional data involving different sorghum genotypes and different soil types are needed to establish a consistent pattern of element uptake on acid soils in relation to yield and plant production.     

Diagnosis of the nitrogen status of wheat at tillering and prognosis for maximal grain yield

Abstract

From a field experiment in which wheat was supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, or 400 kg ha^‐1N, a correlation existed between nitrate concentration in wheat stems at tillering and subsequent grain yield. At early tillering, NO₃‐N concentrations around 8,000 μg g^‐1 were indicative of sufficient nitrogen in the crop‐soil system for maximum grain yield.

Averaging the results of this experiment with those from another seven field experiments, it was concluded that at tillering, the prognostic levels of NO₃‐N concentration in stems were: below 4000 μg g^‐1 deficient, between 4000 and 6000 μg g^‐1 intermediate, between 6000 and 10000 μg g^‐1 sufficient and above 10000 excessive for maximum grain yield. These values are applicable in a wide range of water supply conditions and to a number of cereal genotypes.     

Effects of changes in applied nitrogen concentrations on nodulation,nitrogen fixation and nitrogen accumulation during the soybean growth period

ABSTRACT

The specific mechanism by which nitrogen application affects nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legume crops remains uncertain. To further study the effects of nitrogen application on soybean nodulation and nitrogen accumulation, three consecutive tests were performed during the VC-V4, V4-R1 (10 days), and R1-R2 (10 days) growth periods of soybean. In a dual-root soybean system, seedlings on one side were watered with a nutrient solution containing NH₄⁺ or NO₃^? as the N source (N+ side), and those on the other side were watered with a nitrogen-free nutrient solution (N- side). During the VC-R2 period, on the N+ side, high nitrogen treatment inhibited nodule growth and nitrogenase activity (EC 1.18.6.1), and the inhibition was significantly increased with increasing high nitrogen supply time (10 days, 20 days). When the high nitrogen treatment time reached 20 days, the specific nitrogenase activity (C₂H₄ μmol^?1 g^?1 nodule dry mass h^?1) was similar to that in the low nitrogen treatment, indicating that the nitrogen fixation capacity per gram of dry mass nodules was almost the same. Therefore, it is assumed that long-term high nitrogen treatment mainly reduces nitrogen fixation by reducing the nodule number. The effect of nitrogen concentration on the roots on the N+ side was greater than that on the N- side. Taken together, these results indicate that nitrogen application affects a contact-dependent local inhibition of root nodule growth, nitrogenase activity, and nitrogen accumulation. The whole plant systematically regulates specific nitrogenase activity, and high nitrogen inhibition is recoverable.     

农药浓度、共代谢底物和接种量对Sphingobium indicum B90A降解六六六效率的影响

有机氯农药六六六曾被广泛用于卫生防疫和对抗农业病虫害,但由于其毒性和持久性引发了一系列环境问题。鉴于微生物降解方法在农药污染场地的修复中具有重要作用,采用摇瓶培养法研究了在α-、β-、γ-和δ-六六六（HCH）异构体混合体系中,农药浓度、共代谢底物和接种量对Sphingobium indicum B90A降解4种HCH异构体的影响。研究结果表明：S.indicum B90A对α-和β-HCH的利用较好,其次是γ-和δ-HCH。在10mg·L-1混合HCH的无机盐培养液中,30℃下反应72h,S.indicumB90A对α-、β-、γ-和δ-HCH的降解率分别为99%、86%、53%和33%。随着HCH浓度的增加,S.indicum B90A对4种HCH异构体降解率均逐渐降低。在共代谢底物的研究中,添加葡萄糖或酵母粉均能明显地提高S.indicumB90A对HCH的降解能力,在10mg·L-1混合无机盐培养液中,添加100mg·L-1葡萄糖或添加50mg·L-1酵母粉,30℃下反应84h,S.indicum B90A对α-、β-、γ-和δ-HCH的降解率均接近100%。S.indicum B90A对HCH的降解率随着菌体接种量的增加而相应提高,适宜接菌量为5%。     

河南省县域耕地面积的时空演变

采用地理集中指数、不平衡指数等统计指标,在软件ArcGIS 9.0的帮助下,探索了河南省县域耕地面积和人均耕地面积在1994,1999和2004年的空间格局,不同时期两者变化的数量和速度及其空间分异特征等。研究结果表明:(1)河南省县域耕地面积分布呈现出东南部相对较多,西北部相对较少的空间格局。(2)在研究前期(1994—1999年),耕地面积增加的县级行政区划在空间和数量上均比较集中,耕地减少的县级行政区划在空间和数量上均比较分散。而在研究后期(1999—2004年)则出现了相反的发展态势。(3)县域耕地面积变化率与地形地貌等因素有关。(4)人均耕地面积相对较多的地区主要集中在京广铁路沿线、南阳市和三门峡市两地区的部分县级区划单位单位。(5)河南省县域人均耕地面积变化量总体上呈现出"南多北少"的空间格局。(6)河南省县域人均耕地变化率较高的地区主要分布在豫西南地区,三门峡市和豫北地区的部分县级区划单位人均耕地面积变化率则相对较低。     

高浓度CO2下氮素对小麦叶片干物质积累及碳氮关系的影响

高大气CO₂浓度下植物叶片干物质积累、碳氮关系和糖含量的变化对光合作用的适应性下调有重要的反馈作用,通过研究不同施氮量对高大气CO₂浓度下植物叶片干物质积累、叶氮浓度和糖含量的影响,可进一步明确氮素对植物光合作用适应性下调的调控机制。以不同大气CO₂浓度和氮素水平为处理条件,测定盆栽小麦拔节期叶片鲜重、干重、含水量、还原糖、可溶性糖、全氮含量,研究了氮素对长期高大气CO₂浓度(760μmol·mol-1)下小麦叶片的干物质积累、糖含量及碳氮含量的影响。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高使小麦叶片的鲜重和干重增加,含水量下降。大气CO₂浓度升高使N0处理的小麦叶片还原糖含量下降,而可溶性糖含量显著升高;施氮后小麦叶片还原糖含量无显著变化,但可溶性糖含量降低。高大气CO₂浓度条件下小麦叶片全氮含量下降,C/N比增加,而增施氮素后C/N比显著下降。可溶性糖含量和C/N比的下降有利于减轻同化物质对光合作用的反馈抑制,提高大气CO₂浓度增高条件下小麦叶片的P_n。     

结构化流道环境下不同颗粒浓度的磨粒群分布及其动力学特性

结构化表面流道内,由于流体相的驱动作用,磨粒与磨粒之间、磨粒与壁面之间产生相互碰撞,从而壁面不断受到冲击力和摩擦力而发生磨损。该文基于液-固两相流体耦合理论,利用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型中的mixture模型和Realizablek-ε湍流模型对V型纹理半环形截面流道内液-固两相流在不同颗粒浓度下运行时的壁面湍流效应进行了数值模拟,计算了流场中湍流速度及湍动性能等参数。模拟结果表明:V型纹理的流道有利于涡流的产生,因此可以通过配置V型纹理的约束模块来提高湍流的紊乱程度;随着颗粒浓度的增大,在一定范围内磨粒流的速度逐渐增大,磨粒流的湍动能逐渐减小,磨粒体积分数的波动振幅越来越小;颗粒浓度的选择应适当,不同的颗粒浓度可以产生不同的磨粒流综合性能和颗粒分布效果。     

贮存条件对蛋清S-卵白蛋白形成的影响

为了探讨贮存条件对鸡蛋清S-卵白蛋白形成的影响,该文考察了贮存温度、湿度、二氧化碳浓度及涂膜处理等4个影响因素,并以S-卵白蛋白为变量建立了等价蛋龄预测模型。结果表明,S-卵白蛋白形成与贮存温度呈正相关,高温能加速形成;S-卵白蛋白含量受湿度影响不显著,高湿仅能有限抑制S-卵白蛋白形成;低浓度CO2(2.5%)抑制S-卵白蛋白形成效果不明显,而高浓度CO2(≥5.0%)抑制效果显著;涂膜处理能显著抑制S-卵白蛋白形成,尤其是油溶性、矿物油涂膜处理抑制效果极显著。指数回归模型分析建立了等价蛋龄预测模型,将S-卵白蛋白含量转换为等价蛋龄(25℃),可评价不同条件下贮存鸡蛋的鲜度。     

细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响

为探明细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,该文以内镶片式斜齿形迷宫流道灌水器为研究对象,应用类短周期堵塞测验方法对8种粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒进行浑水测试。在此基础上,分析了泥沙粒径和含沙量对灌水器堵塞的影响,探讨引起灌水器发生堵塞时的敏感粒径范围与含沙量水平。试验结果表明:对于粒径小于0.1 mm的细小颗粒,含沙量是引起灌水器堵塞的主要原因,当浑水含沙量水平大于1.25 g/L时,影响尤其显著,呈正相关关系;粒径对堵塞的影响并不是单调的递增或递减,堵塞发生的敏感粒径范围在0.03～0.04 mm之间。试验结果有助于进一步提高含沙水源滴灌的应用水平。