Interaction of zearalenone and soybean isoflavone in diets on the growth performance, organ development and serum parameters in prepubertal gilts

The aim of the present research was to determine the interactive effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and soybean isoflavone (ISO) on the growth performance, development of organs and serum parameters in prepubertal gilts. Ninety 75-day-old female pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 26.5 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allocated to nine diet treatments during the 21-day study. The experiment employed a 3 × 3 factorial design using a non-soybean meal diet with the addition of 0, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg ZEA and 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg ISO. The results indicated that simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO had no significant influence on the growth performance in prepubertal gilts. Zearalenone with 2 mg/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative weight of the reproductive organs (including uterus and vagina) but had no obvious effects (p > 0.05) on the relative weight of the heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen. Isoflavone at 600 mg/kg could offset the increased weight of the reproductive organs induced by ZEA. Simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO to prepubertal gilts increased the level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum (p < 0.05) at day 14 but their levels decreased (p < 0.05) over time. Zearalenone increased the level of malondialdehyde and decreased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05) in the serum. The results suggested that ISO added to diets at 600 mg/kg could reduce the increase in the relative weight of reproductive organs and relieve the oxidative stress induced by ZEA added at 2 mg/kg during the growth phase in prepubertal gilts.     

几种脱毒剂对黄曲霉毒素B_1和玉米赤霉烯酮体外吸附脱毒效果的比较研究

文章采用酶联免疫法(ELISA),分析比较了市场上10种常见脱毒剂对黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的体外脱毒能力。结果显示,不同的脱毒剂脱毒效果不同,且经过特殊方式处理后的蒙脱石不仅对黄曲霉度B1和玉米赤霉烯酮具有较好的吸附脱毒能力,其复合物稳定性也较好。     

玉米赤霉烯酮对断奶小母猪子宫形态学及热应激蛋白70分布和表达的影响

【目的】研究不同水平玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEA）对断奶小母猪子宫形态学和子宫内热应激蛋白70（heat shock protein 70,HSP70）的阳性分布规律及mRNA相对表达量的影响。【方法】选择25-28日龄健康三元杂交（杜×长×大）断奶小母猪40头,产床上适应环境10 d后转入单体笼（0.48 m²）。根据日龄（35-38）和平均体重（14.01 ± 0.86 kg）,将40头试验小母猪分为4个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组（Control）饲喂基础饲粮,处理1（ZEA0.5）、处理2（ZEA1.0）和处理3（ZEA1.5）分别在基础饲粮基础上添加0.5、1.0和1.5 mg·kg^-1的ZEA（ZEA的测定值分别为0、0.52±0.07、1.04±0.03和1.51 ± 0.13 mg·kg^-1）,小母猪单笼饲养,自由采食和饮水,预饲期10 d,正式期35 d。试验结束前一天对小母猪禁食12 h,全部放血屠宰,打开腹腔后无菌条件下迅速切取一份子宫组织置于2 mL无RNA酶的冻存管中液氮速冻,而后转至-80℃冻存,检测HSP70的mRNA相对表达量,另切取子宫组织块迅速固定于Bouin’s液,待做组织切片检测子宫形态学的结构和HSP70的阳性分布规律。【结果】随着饲粮中ZEA水平的升高,子宫肌层和内膜明显增厚,子宫腺数量明显增多,子宫腺密度明显增大;子宫肌层和内膜厚度随着饲粮中ZEA水平的升高呈一次（P＜0.001）和二次（P＜0.001）线性升高,1.5 mg·kg^-1 处理的子宫肌层和内膜厚度显著高于1.0 mg·kg^-1处理（P＜0.05）,1.0 mg·kg^-1处理显著高于0.5 mg·kg^-1处理（P＜0.05）,0.5 mg·kg^-1处理又显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。免疫组化结果显示,HSP70免疫阳性物质主要分布于子宫肌层平滑肌细胞、子宫腺上皮细胞、腔上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞的胞质内,偶见胞核着色。对照组免疫阳性较弱呈浅黄色,随着饲粮中ZEA水平的升高,HSP70免疫阳性反应明显增强,颜色加深,呈黄色和棕黄色块状分布。断奶小母猪子宫中肌层、腺上皮、腔上皮及所测部分总HSP70免疫阳性物质的累积光密度（integrated optical density,IOD）随着饲粮中ZEA水平的升高均呈一次（P＜0.001）和二次（P＜0.05）线性升高;总体上,1.5 mg·kg^-1 处理的子宫HSP70免疫阳性物质的IOD显著高于0.5 mg·kg^-1处理（P＜0.05）,0.5和1.0 mg·kg^-1处理又显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。mRNA相对表达量结果显示,随着饲粮中ZEA水平的升高,断奶小母猪子宫内HSP70的mRNA相对表达量呈一次、二次线性升高（P＜0.001）,尽管1.0 mg·kg^-1和1.5 mg·kg^-1处理差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但1.5 mg·kg^-1 处理显著高于0.5 mg·kg^-1处理（P＜0.05）,0.5 mg·kg^-1处理又显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。【结论】饲粮中0.5 mg·kg^-1 ZEA足以使子宫肌层和内膜明显增厚,子宫腺数量明显增多,使得子宫形态发生改变;本试验条件下,随ZEA浓度升高,HSP70免疫阳性反应增强,诱导子宫内HSP70的高水平表达,抵抗毒素应激对子宫细胞的损伤。     

玉米赤霉烯酮检测方法研究现状

玉米赤霉烯酮是一种常见的饲料霉菌毒素,是世界范围内污染农作物最严重的霉菌毒素之一.当畜禽采食了被玉米赤霉烯酮污染的饲料后,会对机体造成生殖毒性、肝肾毒性、细胞毒性、免疫毒性,甚至还可在机体组织中残留,通过动物性食品危及人类的健康,所以,精准的检测出饲料及饲料原料和食品中玉米赤霉烯酮毒素含量,对于保证食品安全具有重要的意...     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

玉米赤霉烯酮的毒性研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是由镰刀菌产生的一种具有雌激素样生物活性的真菌毒素。主要影响动物繁殖机能,导致动物繁殖机能紊乱。最近研究表明,玉米赤霉烯酮还具有免疫毒性、肝毒性、遗传毒性,对肿瘤发生也有一定的影响。     

Enhanced mycotoxin production of a lipase-deficient <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium graminearum</Emphasis> mutant correlates to toxin-related gene expression

Fusarium graminearum causes important diseases of small-grain cereals and maize and produces several mycotoxins. Among them, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) can accumulate in feedstuffs and foods to health-threatening levels. Although DON is important for fungal virulence in wheat, disease severity in the field does not correlate with mycotoxin concentrations. We compared gene expression and mycotoxin production of lipase-deficient mutants (Δfgl1), strongly reduced in virulence, and the respective wild-type isolate. Δfgl1 mutants exhibited up-regulated DON production during wheat head infection. On isolated wheat kernels, DON was only produced in low quantities, but higher in wild-type than in Δfgl1 mutants. In contrast, neither wild-type nor Δfgl1 mutants produced ZEA during wheat head infection. However, ZEA was clearly detectable on wheat kernels. Here, Δfgl1 mutants revealed a dramatically enhanced ZEA production. We could correlate the altered amounts of DON and ZEA directly with the expression of the toxin-related genes Tri5 for DON and PKS4 and PKS13 for ZEA. Based on Tri5 expression and the infection pattern of the wild-type and Δfgl1 mutants, we suggest that the transition zone of rachilla and rachis is important in the induction of DON synthesis. Gene expression studies indicate an involvement of the lipase FGL1 in regulation of 8 PKS genes and ZEA production.     

玉米赤霉烯酮与大麻的性别表达

大麻９Ｃｏｎｎａｂｉｓ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）发育过程中内源玉米然酮含量发生规律性变化,茎尖内源玉米赤霉烯酮在花原基出现前和花期前出现含量高峰,在达到花期前的真叶内出现ＺＥＮ含量高峰。外源玉米赤霉烯酮处理提高大麻的雄株／雌株比例,而６－ＢＡ处理高大 麻雄株／雄株比,同时ＺＥＮ处理降低性别决定关键时期的ＣＴＫ含量,首先降低２大麻真叶内的ＣＴＫ含量,而后降低茎尖内的ＣＴＫ含量。说明ＺＥＮ可能通过降低２细     

小麦和玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮污染情况初探(Ⅰ)

扦取小麦样本48份，玉米样本33份，采用单克隆抗体生物免疫技术和荧光光度仪测定扦取样品中玉米赤霉烯酮的含量。结果表明，小麦中玉米赤霉烯酮阳性率为100％，浓度范围0．014～0．47mg／kg。玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮阳性率为100％，浓度范围0．018～0．73mg／kg。玉米污染程度高于小麦。     

玉米赤霉烯酮毒性机理研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是一种特殊毒性的生物毒素,具有类雌激素样作用,能引起动物流产、死胎、返情等生殖机能异常,还可以导致生长下降、免疫抑制、不育、畸形等.国内外学者做了大量的研究,来揭示玉米赤霉烯酮损害机体的机制.它主要通过影响机体的生殖性能,引起细胞凋亡、致畸、损伤DNA、氧化损害、影响免疫机能等机制,来影响动物与人类的健康.文章主要针对玉米赤霉烯酮的毒性机理进行综述.