2010-2011年度四省小麦区试品种遗传多样性和抗条锈性分析

为探讨2010-2011年度四川、甘肃、河北、河南四省参加区试的小麦品种的遗传多样性和抗条锈性,采用亲缘系数(coefficient of parentage,COP)对92个供试小麦品种进行遗传多样性分析,利用各品种组合间的COP值进行聚类分析;对供试小麦品种接种条锈混合菌系CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17、Su-1和V26进行抗条锈性鉴定.结果表明,供试的92个品种的4 186对组合中,约14.76％的品种间存在遗传相似性,所有供试品种的COP值在0.0000～0.7500之间,亲缘系数总和为95.793 9,平均值仅为0.022 9,通过对COP值的聚类分析,将供试材料分为8大类,聚为一类的大多数品种抗病性相似,说明其骨干亲本的抗病性被很好地遗传了;甘肃、四川品种对小麦条锈病的抗性较强,河南、河北品种相对较弱.表明甘肃、四川品种的遗传多样性相对较高,河南品种的遗传多样性相对较低.     

甘蔗优良新品种(系)抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测及自然抗性评价

甘蔗褐锈病是目前中国蔗区发生最普遍、危害最严重的病害之一,选育和种植抗病品种是防治该病最为经济有效的措施。为明确近年国家甘蔗体系育成的50个新品种(系)对甘蔗褐锈病的抗性,确定其应用潜力,本研究通过在甘蔗褐锈病高发蔗区云南德宏、保山2个区域化试验站,采用田间自然抗性调查与分子标记辅助鉴定抗性基因的方法,于2014年和2015年对中国近年选育的50个优良新品种(系)及2个主栽品种进行抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测及自然抗性评价。田间自然发病调查结果表明,50个优良新品种(系)及2个主栽品种中,高抗至中抗的有34个,占65.38%。其中15个材料表现高抗,占28.85%,16个材料表现抗病,占30.77%,3个材料表现中抗,占5.77%;分子检测结果显示,共29个抗病材料含有抗褐锈病基因Bru1,出现频率为55.77%,表明中国近年选育的优良新品种(系)中抗褐锈病性主要由Bru1控制;其余5个抗病材料均不含抗褐锈病基因Bru1,暗示除了Bru1外,可能还有其他抗褐锈病基因存在。不同系列品种田间感病品种的频率和含抗褐锈病基因Bru1的频率不同,粤糖系列品种感病品种的频率最高达到60%,含Bru1的频率最低,只有30%,抗性最弱;云蔗系列品种感锈病品种的频率最低只有12.5%,含Bru1的频率最高,达到81.25%,抗性最好。本研究结果为深入开展甘蔗抗褐锈病育种,选育和推广优良抗病品种,有效防控甘蔗褐锈病提供了科学依据和优良抗性新品种(系)。     

The development of a PCR-based method for detecting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> latent infections in wheat leaves

Stripe rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important diseases on wheat worldwide, especially in temperate regions with cool moist weather conditions. A rapid and reliable detection of the pathogen in latent infected wheat leaves during overwintering of the fungus in the dormant stage will contribute to determine the initial inoculum potential and thus to predict early outbreak and to improve effective management of the disease. To achieve this aim, a PCR-based method was developed for specific and sensitive detection of P. striiformis. Specific primers were designed according to a genome-specific sequence of P. striiformis. To evaluate the specificity of the primers, seven different isolates and races of P. striiformis as well as six other pathogens of wheat were tested. All isolates of P. striiformis yielded a distinct band of a fragment of 470 bp, while using DNA of the other wheat pathogens as a template no amplification product was detected. The sensitivity of the primers was tested using serial dilutions of total DNA from P. striiformis; the limit of detection was 10 pg of DNA. Using extracts from P. striiformis-infected wheat leaves, the fungus could be determined in the leaves before symptoms appeared. The stripe rust could also be detected in the dormant stage by the PCR assay in samples of wheat leaves taken during the winter season. The application of the PCR assay may be useful for rapid and reliable detection of P. striiformis in latent infected leaves of overwintering wheat plants.     

小麦抗叶锈基因 Lr20、 Lr28、 Lr29的STS、SCAR标记在近等基因系上的特异性验证

为了把特异性分子标记与抗病性鉴定有效地结合起来,用含有不同抗叶锈基因的54个以Thatcher为遗传背景的近等基因系（Nearisogenic lines,NILs）对与抗叶锈基因 Lr20、 Lr28和 Lr29（ Lr29UBC和 Lr29OPY）连锁的STS、SCAR标记进行特异性验证,结果分别扩增出片段大小依次为540、378、1 000、900 bp的条带,与报道片段大小一致。同时发现与抗病基因 Lr20、 Lr29连锁的STS分子标记及与 Lr29连锁的两个SCAR标记 Lr29UBC、 Lr29OPY在NILs中特异性较好,但 Lr28的PCRSTS Lr28扩增产物不仅在其亲本中,而且在其余53个近等基因系中都扩增出与报道大小相同的378 bp的条带。验证结果表明,与抗病基因 Lr20、 Lr29连锁的STS、SCAR分子标记在NILs中特异性较好,可方便地用于小麦抗叶锈的分子标记辅助选择育种,而 Lr28的STS分子标记没有特异性,不能用于分子标记辅助选择育种。     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

美国西北部59个小麦品种（系）抗条锈病基因分子检测及对中国条锈菌系抗性鉴定#br#

 【目的】了解59份美国西北部小麦品种（系）对中国当前条锈菌流行小种的抗性水平,分析其抗病基因的存在情况,为培育中国抗条锈病新品种提供资源和依据。【方法】选用中国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中31号、条中32号和条中33号对大部分具有高温成株抗性的美国59份小麦品种（系）苗期及成株期进行抗性接种鉴定,利用与当前有效的全生育期抗性基因Yr10、Yr15、成株抗性基因Yr18、高温成株抗性基因Yr39紧密连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行分子检测。【结果】抗性鉴定表明,Expresso、02W50076、ACS52610、WA008012、WA008018等5份材料苗期与成株期对条中31号、条中32号和条中33号混合菌均表现为抗病,属于全生育期抗病品种。 33份材料苗期表现感病而成株期表现抗病,属于成株期抗病品种。分子检测发现59份材料均不含有Yr10;含有Yr15、Yr18和Yr39的材料分别为12、33和29份,占20%、56%和49%。【结论】Yr18、Yr39在美国西北部小麦品（系）中的分布较普遍,并且大部分可以抵抗中国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种,可应用这些抗性材料配制中国小麦抗条锈病新品种。     

243份云南普通小麦地方品种抗条锈病鉴定及分子标记检测

【目的】小麦条锈病由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis. f. sp. tritici,Pst)引起的气传性真菌病害,是世界范围内最具破坏性的小麦病害之一。发掘抗病资源和培育抗病品种是防治条锈病最经济有效的措施。通过鉴定和评价云南小麦地方品种对中国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种的抗性水平,综合分析可能携带的抗条锈病基因,为小麦抗病育种提供理论依据。【方法】利用当前中国小麦生产上毒性强、流行频率高的条锈菌生理小种CYR32和CYR34对243份云南小麦地方品种进行苗期抗病性鉴定,成株期使用CYR32、CYR33、CYR34和贵农致病类群等混合生理小种进行抗性鉴定,并利用小麦生产上重要抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr80和Yr81的紧密连锁标记对供试材料进行分子检测。【结果】在243份小麦材料中,18份种质对CYR32表现苗期抗性,32份种质对CYR34表现苗期抗性,对CYR32和CYR34均表现苗期抗病的有8份,占3.29%。结合苗期和成株期抗性...     

牛奶子锈病及其重寄生菌

2002年在四川省宝兴县蜂桶寨国家自然保护区和天全县喇叭河自然保护区牛奶子上发现了牛奶子锈病,经鉴定,该锈病为牛奶子春孢锈菌Aecidiumelaeagni-umbellatae Diet.其病株率100%、病叶率26%,叶片枯斑、脱落和削弱树势.在牛奶子锈病菌上采集到自然重寄生菌,经鉴定为Tuberculina sp.,该重寄生菌为国内外首次发现.重寄生菌寄生于牛奶子锈菌春孢子器出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放,具有潜在的生防应用价值.笔者对牛奶子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及牛奶子锈病菌的重寄生现象与重寄生菌的形态特征等进行了研究.     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导小麦抗条锈病的研究

 本文探讨了不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对小麦抗病性的诱导作用,同时电镜观察了不同浓度MeJA对小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici)与寄主细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,2.00 mmol·L^-1 MeJA对小麦条锈病的诱导抗性效果最好,可达到35.87%,而0.50 mmol·L^-1 MeJA在小麦条锈菌夏孢子开始萌发4 h时呈显著抑制作用。经外源MeJA处理后,条锈菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞和吸器的发育明显受到抑制,其中侵染位点的叶肉细胞呈抗性症状。因此,MeJA可使小麦幼苗产生诱导抗性从而提高其抗病性。     

植物病虫害BP神经网络预测系统的研制与应用

以 Delphi3.0为开发工具 ,建立了植物病虫害 BP神经网络预测系统 ,阐述了 BP神经网络的基本原理和预测系统的制作过程 ,并以陕西汉中地区小麦条锈病流行程度的预测为例说明了其应用。结果表明 ,该系统的预测结果与实际发生程度高度吻合