6种野生耐旱花卉解剖学特征与耐旱性的关系

为给干旱、半干旱地区野生花卉的引种驯化提供理论依据,对燕山地区6种野生耐旱花卉营养器官的结构进行了观察与测定,对其中的叶片角质层厚度、叶片气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度的比值、第1层栅栏组织细胞密集度、侧脉间距离、根皮层厚度与根半径之比、初生木质部导管数目、后生木质部导管平均直径等8个主要耐旱结构指标作了方差分析与多重比较,并采用隶属函数对种间耐旱性进行了综合评判。结果表明:6种野生耐旱花卉叶片耐旱性强弱依序为南蛇藤>栓翅卫矛>叶底珠>孩儿拳头>木半夏>蚂蚱腿子;初生根耐旱性强弱依序为叶底珠>孩儿拳头>栓翅卫矛>南蛇藤>蚂蚱腿子>木半夏,与其实际耐旱能力的排序(叶底珠>栓翅卫矛>木半夏>孩儿拳头>南蛇藤>蚂蚱腿子)相比,出现了顺序上的交错现象;所选耐旱指标在对花卉耐旱的作用上,以角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度的比值和第1层栅栏组织细胞密集的贡献最大,初生根的贡献较小,这预示了6种野生耐旱花卉解剖结构与耐旱途径的多样性。     

不同鲜食、野生葡萄皮多酚类物质抗氧化活性比较

对9个广西主产鲜食、野生葡萄品种的葡萄皮多酚类物质含量及其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率的影响进行比较研究。结果表明,葡萄皮中多酚类物质含量较高的品种为野生葡萄“野酿2号”毛葡萄和鲜食葡萄“温克”,含量分别为22.63 mg/g和19.77 mg/g。所有品种葡萄皮多酚对DPPH自由基清除率均在85%以上,抗氧化效果显著,但品种间对超氧阴离子自由基清除率差异较大,清除率最高的是“夏黑”（98.3%）,其次是“野酿2号”毛葡萄（85.7%）,最低的是“甬优一号”（35%）。果皮总酚含量高,同时抗氧化活性优于其他品种的是“野酿2号”毛葡萄、“温克”“、新株系Y137”毛葡萄和“夏黑”4个葡萄品种。     

The origin of six-rowed ‘wild’ barley from the western Himalaya

Summary Plants were grown from seed of two-rowed wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, and six-rowed brittlerachised barley. H. agriocrithon, collected in Ladakh, north-western India. Whereas the H. spontaneum remained true to type, segregation for morphological characters was observed in progeny rows grown from heads of H. agriocrithon plants. The H. agriocrithon heads also showed segregation for a biochemical character, the polypeptide pattern of the endosperm storage protein fraction (hordein). The H. agriocrithon seed therefore originated from natural hybridization between cultivated H. vulgare and weedy H. spontaneum. Crosses of H. vulgare and H. spontaneum gave progeny which resembled H. agriocrithon and showed similar hordein polypeptide segregation patterns. The results indicate that six-rowed brittle-rach ised barleys from the Himalayas have a similar origin to forms found in the Middle East, and that H. agriocrithon does not play a direct role in the evolution of barley.     

Breaking the crossability barriers between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid S. tuberosum

Summary A combination of compatible second pollinations and embryo rescue was applied for systematic production of true tetraploid hybrids from crosses between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid potato, S. tuberosum. Several genotypes of tetraploid potatoes were pollinated with S. acaule, and the compatible second pollinations were made on the following day, with a genotype of S. phureja, IvP 35 to promote fruit development. Embryo rescue was carried out in 21 families, 14 to 27 days after the first pollination. A total of eight plants were obtained from the embryo rescue and their chromosome numbers were counted in the root tips. Three of the eight plants were identified as tetraploid, and five others as diploid. Morphology, isozyme banding patterns, and pollen stainability, as well as potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) resistance, indicated the hybrid nature of the three plants. This is the first report of successful tetraploid hybrid production between disomic tetraploid S. acaule (4x) and tetrasomic tetraploid potatoes. Seed set from the crosses between one of hybrids and diploid potatoes indicated workable levels of both male and female fertility for introgression of valuable genes from S. acaule into the cultivated potato gene pool. The methodology used may be applied to other disomic tetraploid tuber-bearing Solanum species and with some modifications also to distantly related solanaceous species and genera.     

广东东源康禾省级自然保护区野生药用植物资源调查

广东东源康禾省级自然保护区有药用植物175科520属801种,种数占保护区维管植物总种数的78.3%,即超过3/4的种类为药用植物,种类非常丰富。其中蕨类植物31科61种,裸子植物3科3属3种,被子植物141科470属737种,双子叶植物比例优势明显。在这些药用植物中,菊科、草本类、全草(全株)类、清热类、平性类、苦味类分别在种类数量、生活型、药用部分、药性、药味中占优势。文章分析了广东东源康禾省级自然保护区野生药用植物资源的特点和用途,并就如何使保护区的药用植物资源更好地得到保护和利用提出了相关建议。     

尧山46种夏季野生灌木观赏植物评价

基于河南省尧山地区野外实地调查结果并结合相关文献,筛选出46种夏季野生花灌木观赏植物,利用层次分析法构建综合评价体系。从花、叶、果、枝干4个方面,选择16项评价指标,借助Yaahp 10.3软件并根据行业专家意见构建判断矩阵,确定各项指标的权重,对选定的46种植物进行综合评价。根据综合评价结果将46种夏季野生花灌木划分为4个等级,珍珠梅、桦叶荚蒾、金银忍冬等7种植物开发潜力大,紫珠、黄蔷薇、海州常山等11种植物可适度开发利用,匍匐栒子、锦带花、缫丝花等21种植物可作为一般开发利用对象,其余7种植物可较少考虑开发利用。以期为本地区夏季野生灌木资源开发提供参考。     

云南野生花卉数据库的建立及应用

通过对众多的野外调查材料和有关文献资料的收集分析、整理,运用计算机软件建立了云南野生花卉数据库,为云南花卉资源的查询、生物多样性保护提供了有力的信息支持。在论述云南野生花卉数据库的建库目的、意义之后,对该数据库的结构及其数据查询、统计、报表打印、图片处理等功能作了详尽介绍,并评述了云南野生花卉数据库的应用价值。     

中山市五桂山野菜植物资源调查

据调查统计,中山市五桂山共有野菜植物44科69属81种,占全国总数的11.57%。其中蕨类植物4科4属5种,种子植物40科65属76种。文章分析了中山市五桂山的野菜植物资源特点,并就其开发利用提出了建议。     

河南省野生兰科花卉资源现状及保护利用初探

本文对河南省野生兰科花卉资源状况进行了概述,分析了目前我省野生兰科花卉的保护利用的价值,并对今后野生兰科花卉的保护及利用措施提出建议。     

Influence of host plant species on the development and reproduction of hawthorn spider mites

A leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the influence of host species of deciduous fruit trees, like apple, peach, plum, cherry and apricot, on the development and reproduction of the hawthorn spider mite Tetranychus viennensis Zacher in the laboratory under conditions of 25±1°C, 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 16 h: 8 h light: dark. This was done by determining the duration of each life stage of the mites, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r _m ), mean generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of the spider mites on each of the host plant species. Differences in life table parameters of the spider mite among host plants were analyzed with the jack-knife method. The results indicated that plum might be the best suitable plant for the spider mite among the plants tested due to shorter developmental period and higher intrinsic rate of increase, whereas cherry and apricot were least suitable due to their long developmental duration and low intrinsic rates of increase. When the spider mites were transferred from apple to other fruit trees, negative effects on developmental duration, fecundity and life table parameters were found in the first generation, but the effects faded out in succeeding generations. When transferred onto plum and peach, the spider mite adapted to the new hosts in the second generation; however, on cherry and apricot, it adapted in the third generation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 27(7) [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 27(7)]