恩诺沙星控制嗜水气单胞菌性鲫败血症的防耐药用药方案

为了合理地使用抗生素,制定防止耐药菌产生的用药方案,本研究利用近年来提出的防耐药突变浓度(MPC)和耐药选择窗(MSW)这两个药效学(PD)参数,并结合药代动力学(PK)参数,制定恩诺沙星防耐药突变用药方案,控制由嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫细菌性败血症.研究结果显示,恩诺沙星对该致病性嗜水气单胞菌的体外药效学参数为:最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.125μg/mL;2MIC、4MIC、8MIC的抗菌后效应(PAE)分别为(1.67±0.42) h、(2.03±0.17) h、(2.38±0.06) h; MPC为1.125μg/mL; MSW为0.125~1.125μg/mL.根据鲫(Carassius auratus)口灌恩诺沙星后的药代动力学曲线,得出血浆药物浓度>MPC的时间分别为5 h、9.5 h、23 h.PK/PD综合参数:24 h内血药浓度-时间曲线下面积与MIC的比值(AUC24/MIC)分别为137.22、285.15、426.25;峰浓度与MIC的比值(Cmax/MIC)分别为15.05、41.43、52.32.综合血浆药物浓度>MPC的时间超过(24-PAE)h、AUC24/MIC≥100或Cmax/MIC>8的指标,建议恩诺沙星在控制由嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫细菌性败血症时的给药方案为:给药剂量20 mg/kg体质量,1次/d.根据肌肉内恩诺沙星的药动学方程,药残达到国家限量标准所需时间约为25 d,所以建议休药期不低于25 d.本研究方案也可广泛用于其他水产养殖抗菌药物的防耐药突变用药方案的制定.     

环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学比较

采用高效液相色谱法,在(23.1±0.8)℃水温条件下,对环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶两种抗菌药物在健康大菱鲆体内的代谢动力学规律进行了比较研究。结果显示,单次口服环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶后,药物在血浆中的经时过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程分别为CCIP=14.811e-0.337t+4.028e-0.063t-18.839e-0.616t、CSM2=64.981e-0.141t+4.59e-0.004t-69.571e-0.19t;静脉注射这两种药物后,药物在血浆中经时过程均符合无级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程分别为CCIP=21.784e-1.098t+1.514e-0.043t、CSM2=33.028e-5.687t+8.674e-0.013t。口服相同剂量(20 mg/kg)药物后,对血浆的药代动力学参数进行比较,环丙沙星的Tmax(6 h)、Cmax(5.385μg/mL)、t1/2Ka(1.125h)、t1/2α(2.057 h)和t1/2β(11.028 h)均小于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药(8 h、13.990μg/mL、3.647 h、4.923 h和173.407 h),且F(60.57%)大于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药F(47.13%)。证实环丙沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收、分布、消除速度,达峰时间均快于磺胺二甲嘧啶给药,且比磺胺二甲嘧啶给药吸收完全。根据本实验的结果,环丙沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶的合理给药方案分别为28.01 mg/kg和18.32 mg/kg,均为每日1次给药,连用3～5 d。     

毛乌素沙地过渡地带土壤水分特征及其植物利用

毛乌素沙地过渡地带沙地生态系统土壤湿度状况随着地貌部位不同而变化。沙丘迎风坡基质流动、背风坡沙埋沙压和丘间低地潜水埋深等控制着沙地土壤水分分布规律 (土壤湿度模式 )和沙地植物利用土壤水分的特点 (沙生植物分布模式 )。沙生植物的水分利用的机制主要体现在如下两个方面 :地上部分的生理生态过程和生物量 :地下部分根系分布及其土壤水环境容量。在沙丘从流动变为固定的过程中 ,固沙林形成后的土壤水分动态和灌木林群落实际蒸腾蒸发规律的关系反映不同植被覆盖、不同密度、不同年份和不同季节水分平衡状况 ,藉以确定合理的土壤水分消耗模式 ,维持固沙林群落的稳定和良性演替。为了提高沙生植物水分利用效率 ,一是从沙生植物本身的生理、生态、遗传特性进行分析研究 ,筛选出耐旱和抗水分胁迫强的品种。乡土灌木树种能有效地使个体和群落恢复 ,但也应注重引种。另一方面则是利用各种抗旱保水新材料最大限度地保存和利用固沙林地的水分以满足植物特别是在春旱期间根系的恢复与生长需要 ,即以吸水剂、保水剂、水分表面活化剂、菌根剂和土壤生物制剂 (例如细菌肥料 )等为原材料的新型抗旱造林技术 ;三是依据沙地水环境容量 ,合理确定各种灌木林的造林密度及其与沙丘发育阶段相应的种群配置格式。     

Pharmacokinetics of sulfaphenazole in sheep

Proprietary formulations of sulfaphenazole were administered intravenously and orally to sheep. After intravenous injection the disposition of sulfaphenazole was described by an open two compartment model, and the elimination half-time was on average 5.58 h. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.273 1/kg and total body clearance 34.1 ml/kg/h. Judged from the area under the curves, the oral dose was completely absorbed, Drug plasma concentrations versus time fitted an open one compartment model, the half-time of absorption and elimination being 2.66 and 7.12 h, respectively. The binding to plasma proteins was high i.e. 93–96 % at therapeutic concentrations, and concentration dependent. The results demonstrate that the doses indicated by the manufacturer appear to be low and more appropriate for drugs with a longer elimination half-time. Consequently, considerable adjustments in the dosage regimen are recommended.     

The effect of feed regimen on chewing time, digesta passage rate and particle size distribution in Holstein non-lactating cows fed pasture ad libitum

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding regimen on chewing activity and ruminal passage of digesta in non-lactating cows fed pasture ad libitum. Six ruminally fistulated Holstein dry cows (mean ± SD; parity = 3.7 ± 0.5, length of pregnancy = 28 ± 2 W, BW = 692 ± 75 kg) were assigned randomly to two dietary treatments using a crossover design; three cows were rotationally grazed pasture (treatment G) and the other was fed harvested pasture ad libitum in confinement (treatment C). Passage of digesta was measured by fecal marker excretion using Co-EDTA and Dysprosium (Dy) labeled grass as fluid phase maker or solid phase marker, respectively. Particle size distribution of ruminal digesta and feces was measured by wet sieving method. No significant difference in dry matter intake (DMI) between treatments was observed. Eating time in treatment G (517 min/day or 38.6 min/kg DMI) was longer treatment C (384 min/day or 31.0 min/kg DM). Chewing time per DMI was similar in both treatments (70.0 vs. 66.1 min/kg DMI). Ruminal liquid outflow rate and rumen volume of cows in treatment G were significant higher and lower than treatment C (9.9 vs. 12.2%/h and 111.0 vs. 79.9 L, respectively). The mean retention time in small particle pool to be able to pass through the reticulo-omasum orifice (CMRT₂) in cows of treatment C was longer (P < 0.05) than that for treatment G.. Logarithmic particle distribution and mean particle size of ruminal digesta at 24 h after feeding and feces particles had no significance between treatments. These results indicated that ingestive behavior of dry cow affected on eating time and ruminal volume, and it might have caused the higher ruminal liquid and particulate passage rate in treatment G compare to treatment C, with minimal effect on the particle size of digesta to pass from the rumen.     

Influence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> lipopolysaccharide induced fever on the plasma kinetics of cefepime in cross-bred calves

The pharmacokinetic behavior of cefepime was studied in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves after single intravenous administration (10 mg/kg). The fever was induced with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/kg, IV). The drug concentration in plasma was detected by microbiological assay method using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. Pharmacokinetic analysis of disposition data indicated that intravenous administration data were best described by 2 compartment open model. At 1 min the concentration of cefepime in healthy and febrile animals were 55.3 ± 0.54 μg/ml and 50.0 ± 0.48 μg/ml, respectively and drug was detected up to 12 h. The elimination half-life of cefepime was increased from 1.26 ± 0.01 h in healthy animals to 1.62 ± 0.09 h in febrile animals. Drug distribution was altered by fever as febrile animals showed volume of distribution (0.27 ± 0.02 L/kg) higher than normal animal (0.19 ± 0.01 L/kg). Total body clearances in healthy and febrile animals were 104.4 ± 2.70 and 114.2 ± 1.20 ml/kg/h, respectively. To maintain minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 μg/ml, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves would be 15.5 mg/kg and 8.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to be repeated at 8 h intervals. The T>MIC values (8 h) of cefepime suggested that this agent is clinically effective in the treatment of various infections.     

GPRS技术在鞍山水情自动遥测系统中的应用

简介了辽宁省鞍山水文分局水情分中心自动遥测系统概况,针对GPRS技术在鞍山水情自动遥测系统中应用的实际状况,介绍了其原理、传输方式、优越性、模块选用等,并对工作中的应用作了经验总结。     

基于五行理念的居住区中心绿地植物场设计——以怀化市桃花坞花园小区为例

探讨了五行养生理念,分析植物五行及植物场的特点,从保健疗养的角度出发,讨论了居住区中心绿地五行养生植物场的设计方法,并以怀化市桃花坞花园小区中心绿地景观设计为例,阐述五行养生植物场的布局方式、精气植物的选择以及五行景观元素的运用.     

Growth Performance,Meat Yield,and Economic Responses of Broilers Provided Diets Varying in Amino Acid Density from Thirty-Six to Fifty-Nine Days of Age

Providing broilers diets formulated to a high amino acid density early in life improves subsequent growth performance and meat yield. Diets formulated to high amino acid concentrations beyond 5 wk of age may increase breast meat yield but may not be economically justified. This study examined growth, meat yield, and economic responses of broilers provided diets varying in amino acid density from 36 to 59 d of age. Birds were given a 4-phase feeding program: starter (1 to 17 d), grower (18 to 35 d), withdrawal-1 (WD1; 36 to 47 d), and withdrawal-2 (WD2; 48 to 59 d of age). All birds were fed a common, high amino acid density diet to 35 d of age (HH). Broilers were provided diets characterized as being high (H), moderate (M), or low (L) in amino acid density for the WD1 and WD2 periods. Dietary treatments were HHHH, HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL from d 1 to 59, with H, M, and L representing the diets fed during each of the 4 periods (starter, grower, WD1 and WD2).Cumulative feed conversion was improved when the HHHH feeding regimen was fed, whereas other final live performance measurements were not affected. Decreasing amino acid density (HHLL and HHHL) limited yields of breast fillets, tenders, and total white meat when compared with the HHHH regimen. As amino acid density decreased from HHHH to HHHM, HHMM, and HHML, carcass yield and breast meat yield were not affected. In general, providing the HHHH feeding regimen increased economic gross feeding margin compared with the other dietary treatments.