苹果种植区的土壤养分含量情况研究—以白水县为例

为了稳定和提高苹果产量,通过对2013 年渭南白水县500 个点农业土壤区进行分析,并对土壤pH、全氮、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效铁和有效锰、锌、铜进行有效的对比研究。利用Microsoft Excel 2010 软件进行数据整理统计。结果发现：白水县苹果生长的土壤酸碱度为中性偏碱,并且土壤中的全氮和有机质的含量丰富,速效钾较丰富;有效锌、有效磷含量适中;有效铜含量高,有效铁、碱解氮、有效锰含量低。     

Characterization and pathogenicity of six Cytospora strains causing stem canker of wild apple in the Tianshan Forest,China

Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive cankers of stems belonging to a wide range of woody plant species. In severe cases, cankers may lead to dieback of twigs and branches. Little is known about the Cytospora species causing canker disease of wild apple (Malus sieversii) trees in the Wild Fruit Forest Reserve in Tianshan Forest, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, six Cytospora isolates belonging to two species were isolated from cankerous lesions of wild apple twigs. Based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis using three DNA markers (ITS, tef1‐α and tub2) and morphological characterization, these isolates were identified as Cytospora mali and Cytospora parasitica. Temperature trials (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) showed that the optimal growth temperature for six isolates was 25°C. At a variety of temperatures, C. mali isolates tended to grow faster than isolates of C. parasitica, with the C. mali isolate, EGI1 performing better than others with regard to growth rate. Morphological observations showed that these species exhibited a single locule without conceptacles, and the conidia length was 3–5 μm. In vitro inoculation trials of twigs and leaves of M. sieversii seedlings revealed that the C. mali isolates were highly virulent phytopathogenic fungi, whereas the C. parasitica isolates were less virulent. The isolate EGI1 was the most virulent isolate among the six isolates. This paper presents the first report of pathogenic Cytospora spp. of the M. sieversii Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Reserve of Yili, Xinjiang in China. It will aid in the understanding of how apple tree cankers are induced and provide disease management guidelines for M. sieversii forest conservation.     

山楂海棠RAPD亲缘关系研究

应用RAPD分子标记技术,对山楂海棠的分类地位进行了探讨。根据RAPD分子标记聚类分析,将14份苹果材料分为5类,8份山楂材料分为4类,山楂海棠的亲缘关系位于山楂和苹果之间,但与苹果较近,认为山楂海棠可能是苹果和山楂的属间杂交种。     

Dynamic Changes in the Calcium Content of Several Apple Cultivars During the Growing Season

Dynamic changes in calcium content were investigated in eight apple cultivars. The results showed that the calcium concentration in leaves and shoots increased with fruit development. The cultivars displayed only a small difference in the calcium concentration during the early stage of development, the difference became very significant at the late stage of development, especially in shoots. In shoots, for example, calcium content was highest in Starkrimson （19 638.6 mg kg^-1） and lowest in Fuji （8 751.3 mg kg^-1）. Calcium concentration was highest in young fruits and was found to decrease with the growth of fruit, and was characterized by a dramatic drop at the rapid expansion stage. There was a significant difference among cultivars. Young Starkrimson fruits contained the highest calcium concentration of 506.52 mg kg^-1 among cultivars tested, followed by Pink Lady and Fuji. The calcium concentration in mature fruits from high to low is as follows： Starkrimson, Sansa, Pink Lady, Senshu, Gala, Fuji, Red General and New Century. In this study, it was found that eight cultivars continuously assimilated calcium during the whole growing season, especially at the young stage when fruit took up 35-46% of total calcium. The calcium content in fruitlets was low in all cultivars; in the expansion stage, there was rapid absorption of about 30% of total calcium, whereas in the ripening fruit, content of calcium was reduced. The calcium accumulation increased with fruit growth in stalk, similar to that in fruit.     

苹果转基因研究进展

近年来,苹果遗传转化研究取得了较大的进展,已有多种标记基因和目的基因成功转入苹果中并且得到稳定表达和遗传。农杆菌介导法是苹果上应用的主要转化方法,叶片再生不定芽途径是被广泛应用的受体系统。影响农杆菌介导成功与否的因素很多,文章从转化方法、叶片再生能力、菌株类型以及农杆菌侵染条件等方面综述了目前有关研究成果,指出目前依然存在转化效率不高、外源基因表达强度不够、对转化植株的选择不够重视等诸多问题。     

基于L系统的开心形苹果树枝干模型

虚拟植物模型即用计算机模拟植物的生长发育。本文通过虚拟植物研究方法L系统理论的介绍,结合开心形苹果树的形态结构特点,使用虚拟植物模拟软件L-studio,动态地模拟出开心形苹果树在不同生长阶段的三维形态。通过使用随机规则控制树枝生长方式,并使用管道模型模拟枝干的加粗生长,实现了开心形苹果树的基本形态模型。     

莲雾引种观察初报

在贵州罗甸热区进行莲雾引种试验表明:作保护性越冬后,黑珍珠、黑金刚和印度红能正常生长发育,是一种速生树种,表现开花结果早,果品具有独特的口感和风味。其中黑金刚表现产量高、果实较大、肉厚、色鲜、硬度高、含酸较低、果实品质较好,是栽培利用的最佳品种。     

不同来源苹果茎沟病毒分离物部分序列分子特性研究

[目的]明确为害新疆不同品种梨的苹果茎沟病毒(Apple Stem Grooving Virus,ASGV)侵染状况,并对获得的病毒基因序列进行分子鉴定.[方法]采用生物学和分子生物学方法对来源于新疆梨、砂梨及红梨上的ASGV进行检测,将获得基因序列进行比对分析.[结果]从10份新疆梨、2份砂梨及3份云南红梨样品上扩增到预期大小为500 by的ASGV扩增产物.对扩增产物进行克隆和测序,序列分析的结果显示,15个ASGV分离物的CP基因核昔酸及其编码的氨基酸序列相似性分别为88.2;-100;和95.6;-100;,CP基因核苷酸序列构建系统发育树显示,来源于库尔勒香梨分离物KII-3、KII-5、KII-7和新梨7号的分离物XII-5、XII -6,与早期已报道的库尔勒香梨分离物KRL-1及砂梨分离物P-6-1-17亲缘关系较近,聚集成簇.此外,库尔勒香梨的分离物KII-10、KII-14及新粱7号的分离物XII-10与云南红梨上2个分离物YN-2和YN-4聚集成簇,遗传距离较近.[结论]CP基因核昔酸序列系统发育树显示,来源于新获不同品种梨的8个ASGV 分离物及红梨上3个ASGV分离物位于两个不同的组群,存在复杂遗传变异现象.     

灵宝市苹果产业发展研究

分析了灵宝市苹果产业发展的区位优势,如优越的地形、适宜的气候、优良的土壤、便利的交通、悠久的种植历史和先进的生产技术等。其发展劣势有:缺乏商业化意识,对市场的认知程度差、从业人员结构不合理,缺乏专业性人才、品牌知名度不高,大型企业少、专门化程度不高,产业集群效应差。提出了发展灵宝市苹果产业的对策,包括加强基础设施建设,提高抵御灾害的能力;引进专业技术人才,打造完善的销售平台;实施品牌化战略,提升自身的价值;推动产业集群的建设和发展等。