浙南木本植物引种驯化

植物引种驯化的成功取决于引种植物与引种地环境之间的协调状况。作者在引种驯化400多种木本植物的实践过程中,一方面努力创造环境使引种植物适应,一方面设法改造引种植物的本性使之适应于新的栽培环境,并由此总结出了5条行之有效的南种北移技术和原则。目前浙南地区能露地栽培、自然越冬的引种木本植物达256种。     

长白山阔叶红松林大样地木本植物组成及主要树种的生物量

在长白山阔叶红松林25 hm2森林大样地的基础上,研究阔叶红松林木本植物组成,同时应用徐振邦等关于阔叶红松林主要树种的干、枝、叶生物量与其胸径的相关关系公式以及地上地下的生物量关系,直接推算阔叶红松林中红松、紫椴、蒙古栎、水曲柳、色木槭的生物量,进而得到单位面积的生物量.结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林25 hm2样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物共51个种,59 158个活的个体.5种主要树种的生物量以紫椴最高,为101 039.489kg/hm2;红松次之,为81 012.335 kg/hm2.水曲柳为54 767.362 kg/hm2,蒙古栎为35 035.157 kg/hm2,色木槭最低,为22 921.594 kg/hm2.对比分析以往的生物量测定结果,除了水曲柳的生物量外,笔者的测定结果都远高于徐振邦等的测定结果,紫椴的生物量高了近2倍,红松和蒙古栎的生物量都高了1倍.测定结果的不同可能源于大的取样面积及精准的仪器应用提高了对单位面积植物组成及其数量测定的精度,加之20年的植物生长以及全球变化等一系列因素的影响.     

Growth rates,establishment, and effects on herbage yield of introduced earthworms in grassland on reclaimed cutover peat

Summary Lumbricus terrestris L. juveniles confined in nylon mesh bags grew at mean rates of 6–12 mg ind^–1 day^–1 in reclaimed peat grassland soil, while the growth rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) juveniles were 1.5–2.1 mg ind^–1 day^–1. Earthworm population densities exceeding 700 m² had become established within 1 year adjacent to sods transplanted from an old pasture, while microplots enclosed in nylon mesh cages had mean population densities of 318–408 earthworms m^–2 and biomass of 89–111 g m^–2 3–4 1/2 years after inoculation. Herbage yields were 25% greater in the 2nd year and 49% greater in the 3rd year in earthworm-inoculated microplots which received an annual application of cattle slurry compared with similarly fertilized, non-inoculated cages.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Biomass Fly Ash as Foliar Fertilizer for Hybrid Aspen Trees: Nutrient Uptake,Growth Response,and Compatibility with Nitrogen Fertilizer

Biomass ash is an important and potentially useful by-product of the bioenergy industry. As a “proof of concept” for using biomass fly ash as a foliar fertilizer, we tested (i) whether the nutrients in the ash were absorbed by hybrid aspen trees, (ii) whether the ash affected tree growth, and (iii) whether the ash was compatible with nitrogen foliar fertilizer. Four foliar treatments (water [control], ash suspended in water, nitrogen fertilizer solution, and ash suspended in nitrogen fertilizer solution) were evaluated. Several nutrients in the fly ash were absorbed by hybrid aspen both in the greenhouse and in the field; however, this absorption did not significantly affect tree growth in either setting. Nitrogen fertilization was associated with significantly higher tree growth in the greenhouse; inclusion of the fly ash with the nitrogen fertilizer solution did not significantly alter this growth response.     

若尔盖高寒湿地土壤活性有机碳垂直分布特征

对若尔盖高寒湿地沼泽土和泥炭土的有机碳（TOC）和活性有机碳（LC）沿土壤剖面的分布特征研究表明，沼泽土的有机碳和全氮（TN）古量整体上从表层向下呈现下降趋势．中间在16～18cm处出现一个升高点，与当时的有机质来源和沉积环境有关。泥炭土有机碳沿土壤剖面并没有呈现同样的下降趋势．而是从表层向下至22cm呈现升高趋势，22cm向下才呈现下降趋势。全氮含量与有机碳含量的分布特征不同。在表层o～10cm古量较高，向下含量减小。沼泽土活性有机碳沿土壤剖面整体呈现下降趋势，变化于2．4～13．6mg／g．变异系数较大。达到53．25％。泥炭土活性有机碳沿土壤剖面规律性不明显，变化于30-45mg／g，变异系数只有11．62％。沼泽土的活性有机碳占到总有机碳的3％～17％。变化较大；而泥炭土的活性有机碳占到总有机碳的7％～12％，变化较小。沼泽土和泥炭土的有机碳活度（L）最大值并不是出现在表层，而是在表层稍微向下的部分（8～10cm）。再向下有机碳活度呈现下降的趋势。     

Heavy Metal and Arsenic Profiles in Ombrogenous Peat Cores from Four Differently Loaded Areas in Finland

The concentrations and vertical distribution of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and As were studied in four different ombrotrophic peat bogs with varying heavy metal loads at Hietajärvi, Outokumpu, Harjavalta and Alkkia in Finland. At each site a peat sample (15 cm × 15 cm × 100 cm) was taken using a Titanium Wardenaar corer, and the samples were cut into 5 cm slices. Dried and milled samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mean concentrations of the elements were at their highest at Harjavalta (the most polluted area), apart from Cu which had the highest value at the Cu-treated site at Alkkia. Cu concentrations were above the lowest effective limit (LOEL) on all the plots except for the background plot at Hietajärvi. The maximum Cu values were reached in the topmost 20 cm layer, indicating the effects of mining and smelting activities. The highest Zn and Ni concentrations occurred in the 0–40 cm layer. At all sites, the maximum Pb concentrations were located between 10 and 50 cm. However, the Pb concentrations were higher at Alkkia and Harjavalta than at Outokumpu and Hietajärvi, indicating anthropogenic sources of Pb at the former sites. The As concentration was also the highest in the uppermost peat layers. The mean concentrations were markedly lower in the deeper layers (40–80 cm) than in the upper layers.     

Cut logs and high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak - nine years of saproxylic fungi succession

Managed stands generally contain little coarse woody debris compared to natural forests. This study addresses the potential of retained cut wood to increase the amount of substrate available for a variety of saproxylic fungi.Fruit bodies of fungi were recorded from 270 cut high stumps and logs of spruce, birch, aspen and oak over nine years of initial succession. A total of 1565 occurrences of 148 species, seven of which were red-listed, were found. Numbers of species were significantly higher on logs than on stumps. Annual diversity peaked four to seven years after logging, sooner on logs than on stumps. Numbers of species were positively related to substrate diameter, but not to the level of shade/sun-exposure, while the presence of some individual species were significantly affected by one or both of these factors. Comparisons with data from the literature indicated no fundamental differences between fungal communities on cut wood and on naturally dead substrates. We conclude that cut wood left on site, especially logs, may mimic dead wood from trees that die swiftly from natural causes and support diverse fungal communities, both in shaded stands and in open logging sites. Substrates generated by slow self-thinning processes in natural forests however, are probably difficult to mimic in managed stands.     

内蒙古罕山次生林区木质残体储量特征研究

以赛罕乌拉、罕山、青山为试验地,按照罕山次生林区年平均降水量由低到高的分布梯度,对木质残体（WD）的储量进行了分析。结果表明：赛罕乌拉阔叶林的WD储量为(128.88±32.13) m³/hm²,罕山和青山相对较低。罕山次生林区的储量主要以倒木和枯立木的形式存在,并初步断定WD的积累主要源于高干旱背景下的森林死亡。调查WD储量的径级发现赛罕乌拉主要以大径级为主,罕山和青山以中小径级为主;WD的储量不仅受海拔的影响,还受年平均降水量等因素的综合影响;WD未来在生态系统的物质循环、更新恢复和水土保持等方面将产生很多积极的作用,但是高储量WD的分布在半干旱区对森林生态系统火灾防控、森林病虫害防治、森林健康、森林死亡等经营管理方面的负面影响应引起重视,根据研究表明应制定相应的管理措施,从而实现林业的可持续发展。     

菇渣和泥炭基质理化特性比较及其调节

为了研究菇渣作为泥炭替代物的可行性,该试验比较了菇渣与泥炭的理化性状,并对菇渣生长障碍因素进行了分析和调节.结果表明:菇渣大粒径较多,透气透水性较好,持水孔隙比泥炭少,浇水需量少次数多,但失水速率比泥炭慢;菇渣毛管水上升速率快,加湿润剂对其作用不明显;菇渣水分特征曲线与泥炭相似;菇渣保肥性能较弱,需要增加施肥次数;菇渣EC值偏高,而泥炭较低,可通过与泥炭按一定比例混合或淋洗方式降低菇渣的EC值;菇渣pH值偏高,可以通过添加硫磺粉、稀硫酸以及与泥炭等低pH值材料混合的措施解决.菇渣经过适当调节及变换一些管理措施,在无土栽培中可以部分替代泥炭.     

外来树种对自然生态系统入侵风险评价指标体系

本指标体系是通过评价外来树种的入侵性(繁殖扩散建群能力)或外来树种的实际扩散程度及其对生态系统的影响来综合评价外来树种对自然生态系统的入侵风险.首先以回答问题的方式进行外来树种的入侵性评价或实际扩散程度评价,及其对生态系统的影响评价,然后通过综合判断表,得出外来树种的入侵风险等级,最后结合外来树种的控制难度等级给出相应的管理对策.入侵性通过植物的繁殖方式、扩散途径和适应能力等3个方面进行评价.实际扩散程度主要考虑外来树种天然更新的方式、扩散进入的植物群落类型和扩散的速度等因素.生态影响评价包括外来树种对生态系统环境因子、植物群落结构组成、当地群体遗传完整性和生态系统营养链等4方面的影响.控制难度考虑影响控制的因素、控制的方法和控制的负面影响等因素.