二氧化硅改性处理桉树生材的材性分析

采用溶胶-凝胶法,对含水率142％～146％的速生桉树生材进行改性处理,采用电镜SEM、X-射线能谱仪DAX及红外光谱FTIR分析,观察木材微观结构和SiQ分布状态,并检测理化性能.结果表明:浸渍时间不同,改性材中的SiO2含量和分布不同;改性材的增重率最大达45％,气干密度可提高至0.6 g/cm3左右,抗弯强度、硬度及耐光老化性能等均相应提高.     

Global Bibliometric Analysis of the Research in Biochar

Global interest in studying biochar stems from its ability to sequester carbon in soil and render nutrients and moisture more readily available to root systems. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to investigate global scientific publications related to biochar research, providing insight into the number of articles published, journal platforms, subjects, citations, and overall trends. The primary databases employed were the Web of Science and Science Citation Index. A total of 1,697 articles published between 2000 and 2015 were evaluated. This systematic bibliometric analysis will assist research groups and individuals to understand global biochar research trends and focus future research. The influence of biochar on soil, plants, and the environment continues to require greater attention.     

秸秆生物质炭对稻田土壤剖面N2O和N2浓度的影响*

氧化亚氮（N2O）和氮气（N2）是淹水稻田土壤剖面反硝化过程的重要气态产物,可通过土水界面向大气排放,也可随水向下淋溶。秸秆生物质炭施入稻田后会改变土壤理化及微生物学性质,影响反硝化过程及N2O和N2产排。本研究依托2010年夏建立的连续秸秆生物质炭还田的稻麦轮作农田试验,通过埋设淋溶管收集土壤剖面溶液,采用气相色谱和膜进样质谱分别定量溶液中N2O和exN2（反硝化产生N2量）,观测了2018和2019年水稻季不同秸秆生物质炭施用量（CK：每季0 t·hm-2;1BC：每季2.25 t·hm-2;5BC：每季11.3 t·hm-2;10BC：每季22.5 t·hm-2）下0~1 m土壤剖面溶液中N2O和exN2浓度的时空变化,评估了长期施用秸秆生物质炭对稻田土壤剖面反硝化作用及其主要气态氮产物exN2随水流失的影响。结果表明,两个稻季CK处理N2O浓度以60 cm处较高,exN2浓度则随土壤深度增加呈降低趋势。秸秆生物质炭处理能降低剖面N2O和exN2浓度,以10BC处理最为明显。其中,N2O浓度降低以60 cm处较大,exN2浓度降低随土壤深度增加而加大。施用秸秆生物质炭对土壤剖面溶液无机氮（NO3-+NH4+）含量无明显影响,但5BC和10BC处理增加了可溶性有机碳（DOC）和溶解氧（DO）浓度以及氧化还原电位（Eh）。CK处理下土壤剖面溶液N2O和exN2浓度变化与DOC、硝态氮（NO3-）及DO有关;秸秆生物质炭处理下则主要受DO和Eh控制。exN2淋溶量（按1 m深度计算）CK处理下为2.3 ~5.5 kg·hm-2,相当于无机氮和有机氮（DON）淋溶量的32%~34%,5BC和10BC处理则降低为1.7 ~3.7 kg·hm-2和1.1~1.9 kg·hm-2,上述结果表明,反硝化产生N2随水淋溶量不容忽视,秸秆生物质炭还田可改善淹水稻田土壤剖面的通气状况,增加DO,提高Eh,进而有效减少深层反硝化及其主要气态产物exN2随水流失的风险。     

施用生物炭和零价铁粉对土壤中镉形态变化的影响

通过施用生物碳和还原性铁粉,研究其对土壤镉形态变化的影响.结果表明:生物碳或还原性铁粉单施及二者配施均极显著改变土壤镉形态.其中生物炭、还原性铁粉二者配施效果优于单施;单施生物炭主要对交换态镉的降低效果显著,同时对碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉及残渣态镉的形成起显著作用;而单施还原性铁粉对铁锰氧化结合态镉的形成起显著作用.另外,镉的活性指数从4.36降到0.97,不同形态镉含量的最大变化为,交换态镉比例从81.04％降到49.16％;碳酸盐结合态镉从9.44％升到17.93％;铁锰氧化结合态镉从2.95％升到10.88％;有机结合态镉从2.66％升到11.33％;残渣态镉从3.91％升到14.42％.在16个处理中,I3B2(铁粉0.045 g/kg土和生物炭3.0 g/kg土)处理为最佳组合.     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

酶法提高木材渗透性的研究

以工农业废弃物为原料,借固体发酵法制备的果胶酶和纤维素酶,对云杉、臭松和柞木等试材进行酶法处理,可以扩大木材中液体流动的通路,提高其渗透性。详细探讨了酶活性大小、作用时间和各种试材渗透性之间的关系,检验了酶处理材对CCA水溶性防腐剂的吸收量,并以枕木为对象,作了枕木的酶法处理以及吸油量比较。在试验条件下,木材渗透性最高可提高90％以上,对防腐油的吸收量可增加16％以上。     

生物炭对连作草莓光合特性及光响应的影响

为了寻求缓解草莓连作障碍的有效途径,以佐贺清香草莓品种为试验材料,盆栽条件下在连作8 a草莓的土壤中分别添加质量分数为0%、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%的小麦秸秆生物炭,研究不同生物炭用量对草莓光合响应参数的影响。结果表明,连作土壤中添加生物炭的量影响了草莓的光合生理,添加一定量的生物炭在一定程度上可以缓解连作障碍。当生物炭添加量为0.30%时,草莓具有更大的光合潜力,其叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量分别比不添加生物炭对照提高37.20%、85.57%和55.14%,差异显著。随着生物炭添加量的增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量表现为先升高然后降低的趋势,且均在生物炭添加量为0.30%时达到最大值。表观量子效率和最大净光合速率的变化趋势与叶绿素含量表现一致,表现为0.30%生物炭处理时最高,且分别比对照增加16.62%和32.29%;而当生物炭用量继续增加时,光合作用受阻,且0.30%生物炭处理对弱光的利用能力最强。与不添加生物炭相比,0.15%和0.30%生物炭处理呼吸效率升高,0.45%和0.60%生物炭处理草莓呼吸效率降低。生物炭添加量为0.30%时光补偿点最低。相关性分析表明,叶绿素a含量能较好地反映草莓最大净光合速率的大小,而总叶绿素含量值则能很好地反映草莓在强光下进行光合作用能力的大小。综上,添加一定生物炭,有利于草莓光合色素的合成,提高了光合能力,有助于草莓干物质的积累,在连作土壤中添加0.30%生物炭时最有利于缓解连作障碍对草莓光合生理的影响,叶绿素能较好地反映草莓的光合作用能力,这对草莓设施生产管理具有一定的指导意义。     

木材削片机研究进展

该文综述了木材削片机的发展现状及存在的问题,并对国内外削片机削片质量、切削功率和振动噪声等方面的研究进行了评析;针对我国削片工业的现状,提出了木材削片机今后发展的具体建议．     

杉木人工林木材密度及干缩性变异规律

应用正交试验设计方法，系统分析了不同林龄、不同立地条件和不同林分密度下杉木人工林木材密度和干缩性的变异规律。结果表明：影响杉木人工林木材密度和干缩性的主导因子是林龄，其次是立地条件，林分密度影响最小。     

真菌侵染对泡桐材微观结构及主要组分的影响

进行了变色真菌对泡桐木材微观构造及主要组分的影响研究,作了链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata)侵染泡桐木材试验,检测了真菌对泡桐木材的侵染状况,并确定了真菌侵蚀泡桐木材的主要部位,测试了泡桐木材在真菌作用下的成分变化,阐明了真菌导致泡桐木材发生变色的物理化学过程。