水稻秸秆不同处理方式对亚热带农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及氮素矿化的影响

通过室内模拟培养试验,添加水稻秸秆及由此热解产生的生物质炭,分析亚热带典型旱地土和水稻土微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)及氮素矿化的变化动态,探讨添加不同处理方式的水稻秸秆对土壤碳氮矿化的影响。结果表明,培养35 d后,与对照(CK)相比,添加生物质炭处理,旱地土MBC、MBN、矿化氮量分别增加了34.6%、163.1%和6.4%;水稻土MBC没有明显差异,MBN和矿化氮量分别增加23.0%和15.1%。添加秸秆处理,旱地土MBC、MBN分别增加了90.4%和203.8%,矿化氮量却减少了22.2%;水稻土MBC、MBN、矿化氮量分别增加了13.4%、19.9%和7.3%。研究阐明了生物质炭添加对农田土微生物生物量氮和氮素矿化具有促进作用,而对土微生物生物量碳的影响却因土地利用方式的差异而略有不同;水稻秸秆添加对微生物生物量均有促进作用,其促进程度基本高于生物质炭,而对氮素矿化的影响因土地利用方式的不同而存在差异。     

开启木材细胞通道的途径

木材细胞通道畅通与否,直接关系到难干材的干燥、难浸渍防腐剂、阻燃剂木材的处理。开启木材细胞液体流动通道主要从纹孔膜入手,作者在前人研究基础上探讨了木材细胞液体移动形式及细胞通道开启的途径,归纳了3种开启木材细胞通道方式,一是采用化学处理,二是生物处理,三是借助外力(机械力、蒸汽力、冰冻力)等方式迫使木材细胞壁纹孔膜破裂,从而疏通或扩大细胞液体流动通道。阐述了每一细胞通道开启方式的适用范围以及实际操作中面临的问题,以便于能更好的运用到木材干燥、防腐、阻燃、染色等木材加工领域。     

天然木粉在包裹控释尿素上的应用

为探究木质纤维素类有机物在缓/控释肥上的应用效果,采用静水浸泡法,研究了3种天然木粉包裹控释尿素(CRU20、CRU25、CRU30)在常温条件下的养分释放规律,以及不同温度、pH值和水肥比对控释尿素养分释放规律的影响。结果表明:1)包裹控释尿素的缓释期随着包裹量的增大而变长,CRU20、CRU25、CRU30的理论缓释期分别为36、54,121d,不同的包裹量表现出不同的释放曲线模式。2)氮素释放速率受温度和pH值的影响较大,不同水肥比的差异不明显。3)包裹控释尿素释放机理为"崩溃"机制。天然木粉包裹控释尿素具有很好的推广应用价值。     

基于产业内贸易视角的中俄木质林产品贸易现状分析

文中首先从贸易规模和贸易结构2个方面分析中国与俄罗斯两国间木质林产品贸易现状, 然后运用产业内贸易GL指数和Bruelhart边际产业内贸易指数对1994—2013年20年间中俄两国不同种类木质林产品和整体木质林产品产业内贸易发展水平进行实证分析, 最后对两国间木质林产品产业内贸易类型进行划分和测算.结果表明, 尽管中俄木质林产品贸易规模在不断扩大, 但产业内贸易水平总体偏低, 贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主, 中俄木质林产品贸易呈现出较强的互补性.     

中国主要人工林树种幼龄材与成熟材及人工林与天然林木材性质比较研究

本文对中国１０种人工林和４种天然林的幼龄材与成熟材及４个树种的人工林木材与天然林木材的构造特征、化学性质、物理性质、力学性质的３３项材性指标差异进行了比较研究。结果表明,在幼龄材与成熟材之间,在统计上表现出差异显著性的为幼龄材比成熟材生长轮宽,管胞列数多,管胞短,直径小,微纤丝角大,密度小,径向干缩小,差异干缩大,流体扩散性高,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度、径面顺纹抗剪强度、径面抗劈力和冲击韧性低等１５项,即４６％的测试项目差异显著;表明在木材加工和用作结构材时应将幼龄材和成熟材视作两个性质不同的总体来考虑,在培育结构材时应研究如何缩短幼年期或改善幼年期材性。在人工林与天然林木材之间,采取人工林幼龄材性质与天然林幼龄材性质相比,人工林成熟材性质与天然林成熟材性质相比,结果表明,多数性质在统计上差异不显著,只有人工林木材比天然林木材胞壁率小、顺纹抗压强度低、差异干缩大、流体扩散性高等４项,即只有１２％的很少数测试项目差异显著;表明有可能通过人工培育的方法培育出与天然林木材性质相近的木材。     

Decontamination of synthetic solutions containing heavy metals using chemically modified sawdusts bearing polyacrylic acid chains

New materials containing carboxylate groups have been synthesized by grafting polyacrylic acid onto sawdust. These new adsorbents were subjected to continuous extraction of different metal ions using packed columns to determine their maximum binding capacities. They exhibit binding capacities 15–40 times higher than unmodified sawdusts for removal of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cd²⁺ chosen as representative heavy metal ions. Cation desorption and adsorbent regeneration could be effected by elution with a diluted HCl solution; water as an eluent has no effect on metal desorption.     

日本的抗松材线虫育种研究

经历20世纪六七十年代松树大面积枯死威胁之后,日本在不断探索对该病的防治方法的同时,寄希望于培育抗松材线虫的松树苗木。始于1973年的抗松材线虫育种,从松树造林材料的遗传改良、国内外松树对松材线虫的抗性、抗性检测方法以及抗性育种的可行性等方面进行了大量的研究。文中从抗松材线虫育种的历史背景、抗性判定方法、树种变异、选择育种、杂交育种等方面叙述了日本抗松材线虫育种的情况。     

桉木抽出物中多酚化合物的特性研究

采用化学分析和光谱分析相结合的方法，从制浆造纸的角度，重点对雷林一号桉木的多酚化合物的特性进行了研究。结果表明：幼龄材的抽出物含量较少，适宜于制浆的采伐期为５～７年。１５年生雷林一号桉木心材中的多酚类化合物以水解单宁为主（占原料的５．９８％），其次为缩合单宁（１．９１％）。稀碱预处理桉木，可除去大部分多酚类化合物。存放过久的桉木中多酚化合物大部分变成‘黄粉’，既不溶于水也不溶于丙酮，只溶于稀碱或亚硫酸钠。桉木制浆前采用碱预处理可减轻多酚化合物对制浆产生的不良影响。     

数字图像处理技术用于木材微观分析的研究概况

随着现代计算机技术的飞速发展,计算机数字图像处理技术已经在很多行业和科研领域中得到了广泛的应用,而木材微观分析是木材科研领域中重要的基础研究,与以往木材微观科研利用光学显微仪器加上人眼进行观察测量的研究手段相比较,利用计算机数字图像处理技术对木材进行微观结构分析具有客观、准确、高效等诸多优点,成为木材微观科研领域中一项崭新的课题和本领域未来科研的发展方向。本文概括国内外计算机数字图像处理技术在木材微观分析中的研究进展、应用现状并对现有处理方法和已经进行的研究的优缺点进行阐述和分析。针对现有图像处理方法和现有的科研程度对计算机数字图像处理技术用于木材微观科研领域的前景和主要发展方向做了展望。     

Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products

Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.