广东枣疯病植原体的鉴定

Several jujube plants with witches′ broom, little leaf, and big bud symptoms, which were likely infected by jujube witches′ broom (JWB) phytoplasma, were collected in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. To identify the pathogen, PCR was performed using phytoplasma 16S rDNA universal primer pairs R16mF2/R1 and P1/P7 and SecA gene primer pair SecAfor1/rev3 with total DNA of the symptomatic plants as templates. Specific fragments, 1.4 kb, 1.8 kb, and 0.8 kb in length, were amplified from one of three symptomatic samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA verified that the pathogen harming jujube plants in Guangzhou was jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma which belonged to 16SrV-B subgroup. Comparison results also showed that the 16S rDNA sequence of Guangzhou JWB phytoplasma shared the highest nucleotide identity (100%) with the reported jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma Japanese strain (AB442218) and JWB strain (AY197661) and shared the nucleotide identity ranging from 99.74% to 99.80% with the other JWB phytoplasma strains. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on SecA also showed that Guangzhou jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma belonged to 16SrV-B subgroup and shared 99.28%-99.76% similarity with other phytoplasma strains. All these results suggested that jujube witches′ broom phytoplasma has infected jujube plants in Guangdong Province.     

基于转录组水平的枣疯病发病机理研究

为探究枣树感染枣疯病植原体后的发病规律和内在机制,以‘木枣’健康与感病植株为材料,连续测定现蕾后10~60 d叶片中玉米素、生长素、脱落酸、赤霉素、水杨酸等内源激素的含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化保护酶的活性;通过转录组测序,筛选感病诱发的差异表达基因,并利用qRT-PCR技术对相关基因的表达模式进行验证。结果表明:感病植株中玉米素含量在现蕾后30 d时开始显著升高,水杨酸含量在现蕾后50 d时开始显著升高,过氧化氢酶活性呈降低趋势但在现蕾后60 d时显著升高。以现蕾后20~30 d的叶片进行转录组测序分析,共筛选到1 669个差异表达基因,其中1 114个基因在感病植株中上调表达,555个下调表达。差异表达基因的GO功能富集主要包括生物进程、代谢进程及催化活性,KEGG代谢通路主要为次级生物代谢。在差异表达基因中发现了15个与激素和保护酶代谢相关的基因,经qRT-PCR验证,ZjNCED、ZjGA20、ZjPAL、ZjPOD2和ZjPOD5在转录水平上的表达与对应的激素含量和保护酶活性变化趋势一致,表明这些基因的表达调控对感病后植株的内源激素含量和抗氧化保护酶活性的动态变化具有重要作用。枣疯病植原体感染枣树引起基因表达改变、激素和保护酶的代谢紊乱可能是导致枣树发育畸形的原因。     

云南烟草丛枝症病害研究Ⅱ田间发病规律

 系统地调查云南烟草丛枝症病害的田间自然发病情况和介体发生情况,并实验测定烟草品种的抗病性,结果表明:烟草丛枝症病害在病区常年均有发生,最早发病时间在4月下旬,保山市1994,1995和1997年属一般年份,1993,1996和1998年属流行年份,导致病害流行的主要因素是苗期和移栽初期的两次蚜虫迁飞期高峰,以网罩隔离培育无毒烟苗、避开蚜虫迁飞高峰期移栽并同时施药是最有效的防治方法.目前生产上审定推广的品种全为高感品种,测定31个烤烟和145个晒晾烟品种未发现抗病品种.     

云南烟草丛枝症病害研究Ⅵ综合防治技术的研究与示范推广

 1994至1998年,在云南烟草丛枝症病害的重病区进行药剂治疗和治虫防病等研究,并进行大面积综合防治技术示范(3115hm²)和推广工作(64032hm²),结果表明:抗生素类药剂和抗病毒制剂无治疗效果,单纯治虫防病的效果也不理想,采用以网罩隔离育苗培育无毒苗、药剂控制传媒昆虫、淘汰和更换病苗、保健栽培为技术核心的综合防治措施,能够有效地控制病害的发生和流行,防治效果在95%以上.     

枣疯病病树中内源激素的变化研究

【目的】揭示枣疯植原体对枣树内源激素的影响，弄清枣疯病病树中内源激素的变化趋势。【方法】应用HPLC法分别对健株、病株和盐酸土霉素治疗后转健植株中的细胞分裂素（玉米素，Zeatin）、生长素（吲哚乙酸，IAA）、赤霉素（GA3）和脱落酸（ABA）的含量进亚周年检测。【结果】在根部，健株、治疗株和病株中IAA、GA3和ABA的含量没有明显区别，但在7、8月份病株根部中Zeatin的含量要明显高于健株；在叶部，健株、治疗株和病株中的IAA、GA3和ABA的含量也没有明显区别，但在生长后期病株叶片中Zeatin含量显著高于健株。不同患病程度叶片中激素的比较结果表明，患病程度越重，Zeatin/IAA（C/A）比值越高。【结论】植原体侵染枣树植株后致使其内源激素失衡，主要是细胞分裂素含量的增加，最终导致了枣疯病症状表现。     

云南烟草丛枝症病害研究 ⅩⅢ 大理州烤烟丛枝症病害的发生与防治

烟草丛枝症病害表现为黄化丛枝症, 导致烤烟经济性状和产量产值明显下降． 未筛选到治疗病害的有效药剂, “治虫防病”措施的平均防效为６１９ ％ , “以治虫防病为主体, 综合防治烟草丛枝症病害技术体系” 的平均防效为８６９ ％ , ２０ ｈｍ２ 中心示范样板田的防效为７７２ ％ , 每ｈｍ２ 挽回产量８７３ ｋｇ 、挽回产值１１ ３１８８５ 元, 确认综合防治技术能有效而可靠地控制烟草丛枝症病害的危害．     

Occurrence of rocket larkspur witches’ broom caused by “<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candidatus</Emphasis> Phytoplasma asteris” in Japan

In October 2001, a disease of rocket larkspur (Cosolida ambigua (L.) P. W. Ball et Heyw), characterized by witches’ broom, yellows and virescence of flowers, was found in Yakage Town in Okayama Prefecture. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of phytoplasma-like bodies in the phloem of diseased plants. The causal phytoplasma was identified as “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and demonstrated to be acquired by the leafhopper Macrosteles striifrons. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB258330.     

A qualitative host-pathogen interaction in the Theobroma cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem

The aim of this study was to test whether resistance of clones of Theobroma cacao (cocoa) varied between isolates of Moniliophthora (formerly Crinipellis ) perniciosa , the cause of witches' broom disease. Developing buds of vegetatively propagated T. cacao grown in greenhouses in the UK were inoculated with 16 000 spores of M. perniciosa per meristem in water, under conditions where water condensed on the inoculated shoot for at least 12 h after inoculation. The proportion of successful inoculations varied between clones and was inversely correlated with time to symptom production or broom formation. A specific interaction was demonstrated among three single-spore isolates of M. perniciosa and the clone Scavina 6 (SCA 6) and a variety of susceptible clones. Isolates Castenhal-I and APC3 were equally likely to infect SCA 6 and the other clones, but isolate Gran Couva A9 never infected SCA 6, although it was as virulent on the other clones. The interaction was maintained when the wetness period was extended to 70 h. Offspring of SCA 6 × Amelonado matings were all susceptible to both Castenhal-I and GC-A5, with no evidence of greater variability in susceptibility to GC-A5 than Castanhal-I. This suggests recessive inheritance of a single homozygous factor conferring resistance to GC-A5, from SCA 6. The progenies were slightly more susceptible to Castanhal-I than GC-A5. The implications for managing the disease are discussed.     

陕西清涧县枣疯病发生和危害调查及防治建议

根据对陕西清涧县枣疯病发生特点和危害状况进行调查和分析,提出了把好种苗带菌关、积极预防介体叶蝉传病、稳步地开展枣疯病治疗试验和示范、坚持因地适时清除病株或修除病枝,正确处理好枣果产量与枣疯病防治的关系等具体病害防治措施,以及黄土高原地区枣疯病综合治理原则。     

Regeneration and characterization of somatic hybrid plants of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus micrantha, a progenitor species of lime

Most commercial citrus fruit species and cultivars are inter- and intra-specific hybrids. Conventional hybridization in citrus is largely handicapped by apomixis and long juvenility. As an alternative, somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion has been employed to create novel citrus germplasm. Witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL) emerged in Oman during the 1970s, which has been spreading to the neighboring countries. The disease is extremely destructive. A possible solution to the WBDL problem is to develop resistant hybrids. Resistance is available among the citrus relatives of lime i.e., sweet orange. Somatic hybrids combining sweet orange with lime have been produced but the fruit characteristics are different from lime. Herein, we report the development of somatic hybrids between a progenitor of lime (Citrus micrantha) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) in efforts to recreate a lime-like fruit using sweet orange as a donor of disease resistance gene(s). Successful somatic hybridization was verified by ploidy analyses using flow cytometry and RAPD analyses. This is the first report of using a progenitor species in somatic hybridization experiments in efforts to resynthesize an improved lime.