云南烟草丛枝症病害研究 Ⅶ 激素的变化

采用植物激素ＥＬＩＳＡ测定试剂盒,对比测定了烟草感染丛枝症的病株与健株体内细胞分裂素（ｉＰＡ和ＺＲ）与生长素（ＩＡＡ）含量的变化．结果表明：生长素含量在整个发病期间健株都较高于病株,细胞分裂素含量在发病初期明显高于健株,随后呈下降趋势并趋于稳定,Ｃ／Ａ值在病程中相对处于较高水平．     

周年温度变化对泡桐丛枝病植原体分布和消长的影响

为探讨温度变化对泡桐树体内丛枝病植原体分布和消长的影响,利用巢式PCR和直接PCR研究了植原体在泡桐不同器官内的分布及相对含量的周年变化。结果表明,不同发病程度泡桐中丛枝病植原体的分布不同,发病程度相同泡桐不同器官内植原体含量也存在一定差异。在中等发病程度的泡桐中,丛枝病植原体全年存在于枝条内,并且其含量随温度升高逐渐升高,8月份达到最高,此后开始下降;叶片内植原体含量随温度升高明显增加,7月份含量最高,随后减少,10月份降到最低;根部植原体含量随温度升高也相应增加,在9月份达到最高,之后开始降低,全年含量变化较小,且含量最高值较叶片和枝条中低。表明泡桐丛枝病植原体在寄主体内的消长与温度的周年变化关系紧密。     

枣疯病植原体的分子检测与同源性鉴定

[目的]采用植原体16S通用引物建立枣疯病植原体PCR检测体系.[方法]采用植原体16S rDNA通用引物R16mF1/R16mR1,对陕西和山西具有枣疯病的枣树植株总DNA进行PCR扩增,获得了相关的枣疯病植原体序列.采用DNAMAN软件分析其同源性,绘制系统进化树.运用pDRAW32软件对17种具有16S rDNA分组的典型的限制性内切酶进行计算机模拟RFLP,确定枣疯病植原体同源性关系.[结果]从陕西和山西的枣疯病的植株中,分别得到1 433 bp和1 432 bp的条带,与已报道的枣疯病植原体比较,同源性达到99;以上,而与其他植物的植原体16S rDNA同源性多低于93;,并且与16S rDNA V-B组的遗传距离最近.pDRAW32软件模拟RFLP结果表明它们和已报道的JWB的RFLP图谱相似.[结论]枣疯病植原体归属于16SrDNA V-B,为枣疯病植原体PCR检测体系提供了理论基础.RFLP分析进一步验证了枣疯病植原体属于16SrDNA V-B,具有随地域变异性较小的特性,这将有利于不同地区枣疯病检测技术的建立.     

Spatial genetic structure and dispersal of the cacao pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa in the Brazilian Amazon

Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches’ broom in Theobroma cacao (cacao). Three biotypes of M. perniciosa are recognized, differing in host specificity, with two causing symptoms on cacao or Solanaceae species (C‐ and S‐biotypes), and the third found growing endophytically on lianas (L‐biotype). The objectives of this study were to clarify the genetic relationship between the three biotypes, and to identify those regions in the Brazilian Amazon with the greatest genetic diversity for the C‐biotype. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the rRNA ITS regions showed that the C‐ and S‐biotypes formed a well‐supported clade separated from the L‐biotype. Analysis of 131 isolates genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci found that S‐ and especially L‐biotypes showed a higher genetic diversity. A significant spatial genetic structure was detected for the C‐biotype populations in Amazonia for up to 137 km, suggesting ‘isolation by distance’ mode of dispersal. However, in regions containing extensive cacao plantings, C‐biotype populations were essentially ‘clonal’, as evidenced by high frequency of repeated multilocus genotypes. Among the Amazonian C‐biotype populations, Acre and West Amazon displayed the largest genotypic diversity and might be part of the centre of diversity of the fungus. The pathogen dispersal may have followed the direction of river flow downstream from Acre, Rondônia and West Amazon eastward to the rest of the Amazon valley, where cacao is not endemic. The Bahia population exhibited the lowest genotypic diversity, but high allele richness, suggesting multiple invasions, with origin assigned to Rondônia and West Amazon, possibly through isolates from the Lower Amazon population.     

西北旱区枣疯病植原体核糖体蛋白基因的生物信息学分析

枣疯病是枣树上的一种具有毁灭性的植原体病害,几乎分布于国内所有的枣树栽培区,造成了巨大的经济损失.对我国陕西、宁夏、甘肃3省枣疯病样品植原体核糖体蛋白基因进行克隆和测序,获得枣疯病植原体的核糖体基因片段为1 196bp,包含部分rps19,rpl22和rps3三个基因,其中rpl22和rps3大小分别354bp和753bp,分别编码118和251个氨基酸,且这两个基因为非重叠基因.序列同源性比较结果表明:我国陕西、宁夏、甘肃的枣疯病植原体的核糖体蛋白rp基因大小一致,归属于植原体16S rⅤ-B组;该植原体核糖体蛋白基因特性与樱桃致死黄化(CLY5)和桃树黄化印度分离株系(PY-In)植原体相似.首次报道了我国枣疯病核糖体蛋白基因rp基因的序列,把枣疯病植原体归到16S rⅤ-B组,为枣疯病植原体提供了新的分类依据.     

Groundnut Rust (Puccinia arachidis) in Brunei

Abstract

A field trial was conducted during the cotton growing seasons of 1978-79 and 1979-80 at Hissar, Haryana (India) to determine the capture threshold of male pink bollworm moths in traps baited with gossyplure for timing the insecticidal application. It was found that application of insecticides when the number of male moths averaged 4 or 8 per trap per night was superior to fixed spray schedule (spraying at an interval of 13-14 days starting from middle of August) in reducing the pink bollworm incidence and obtaining higher yield of seed cotton. For effective and economic control of the pest, insecticides should be applied within 24-48 hours when the number of male moths captured in gossyplure baited traps reaches 8 per trap per night.     

Activity of polygalacturonases from Moniliophthora perniciosa depends on fungus culture conditions and is enhanced by Theobroma cacao extracts

We report the first analysis of polygalacturonase regulation in the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa. Non-secreted and secreted polygalacturonase activity was obtained from M. perniciosa cultivated on bran-based solid medium or liquid media containing additional carbon sources or cacao extracts (infected or not by the fungus). Polygalacturonase activity assays were carried out under different temperatures and incubation periods. The best secreted polygalacturonase activity was obtained when the enzymatic assay was made at 50 °C for 10 min. Moreover, the polygalacturonase activity was enhanced when the fungus was cultivated on potato dextrose medium, in the presence of additional fermentable carbon sources, in the presence of cacao pulp or non infected cacao extracts.     

枣AP2/ERF转录因子鉴定及其响应枣疯病植原体表达分析

利用生物信息学方法,从植物转录因子数据库和NCBI数据库中分别得到175和164个候选的枣AP2/ERF转录因子序列,使用DNAMAN软件进行序列比对、去除重复序列,采用SMART软件预测蛋白结构域发现,枣基因组中包含有145个AP2/ERF基因,其中ERF、AP2、RAV亚家族分别含有116个、23个、5个,另有1个独立基因。预测枣AP2/ERF转录因子氨基酸数量在111～692之间,分子量在12 446.87～76 154.10之间,pI在4.31～10.11之间。鉴定出的145个AP2/ERF转录因子,105个分别定位到12条染色体上,40个未能定位。在此基础上,利用嫁接病芽方法将枣疯病植原体转至健康枣植株,通过转录组测序和qRT-PCR手段,分析了AP2/ERF转录因子对枣植原体侵染的响应,在植原体侵染枣的6个不同时期,枣AP2/ERF表达数量和表达量均不相同,共有48个差异表达基因,其中ZjAP2*9、ZjERF49和ZjERF91是响应枣疯病植原体最为重要的AP2/ERF转录因子。     

泡桐属叶毛类型及对丛枝病的抗性

调查研究结果认为泡桐属叶毛类型有单枝毛、腺毛、叉状毛和树状毛4大类型.各类又有长柄、短柄或无柄之别.叶背有无叶毛和叶毛类型的不同对丛枝病的抗性有很大差异.叶背无毛或毛非常稀少对丛枝病高度感染,叶背毛为无柄（或几无柄）树状毛、短柄叉状毛和短柄、腺细胞小并无粘性腺毛的泡桐感病,叶背为不同类型的混合毛亦感病,但感病程度随长柄和短柄毛的比例不同而有所差异.叶背毛为较稠密的长柄树状毛、长柄叉状毛、长柄单枝毛和长柄、腺细胞大的粘性腺毛的泡桐为高度抗病.抗病的原因是抗传毒介体昆虫.     

Identification of genes associated with phytoplasma resistance through suppressive subtraction hybridization in Chinese jujube

Jujube witches' broom (JWB) is a destructive disease for Chinese jujube caused by phytoplasma. A suppression subtractive hybridization library of resistant cultivar ‘Xingguang’ was constructed under phytoplasma stress to identify genes related to JWB resistance. 77 of 200 unique expressed sequence tags had significant sequence homologies and were classified into 10 functional groups. The most abundant group was disease/defense (20.8%), which was consistent with the phytoplasma stress. These differentially expressed genes provide the groundwork for addressing the plant–phytoplasma interaction. Meanwhile, the expression of five selected genes (TLP, PR10, HSP70, ERF, kinase-related protein) was confirmed to upregulate at different infection periods.