不同水分条件下平衡施肥对旱地冬小麦土壤硝态氮运移的影响

为了探明不同水分条件下旱地冬小麦养分管理措施对土壤环境的影响,在控雨池栽条件下,设置水分与肥料双因素随机区组试验,以不施肥为对照,研究了0~200 cm土层在底墒为650 mm时,不同水分条件下3个平衡施肥处理(Y1:N 13.9 kg·hm-2、P2O54.65 kg·hm-2、K2O 15.3 kg·hm-2,Y2:N97.5kg·hm-2、P2O532.7 kg·hm-2、K2O 107.6 kg·hm-2,Y3:N 181.2 kg·hm-2、P2O560.6 kg·hm-2、K2O 199.8 kg·hm-2)对旱地冬小麦主要生育时期土壤硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明:开花期、灌浆期,在各水分条件下,0~80cm土层土壤硝态氮平均含量及积累量在Y1施肥量水平下与不施肥处理(Y0)差异不显著,Y2、Y3水平较Y0和Y1硝态氮平均含量增加98.6%~363.6%(P0.05),硝态氮积累量增加98.2%~260.9%,Y3与Y2无显著差异;施肥量的增加对80~160 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及累积量无显著影响。在生育期补灌100mm(R3)、78 mm(R2)、56 mm(R1)条件下,冬小麦成熟期3个施肥量80~160cm土层的土壤硝态氮累积量较不补灌(R0)分别减少27.2%~41.0%、44.8%~48.4%、23.7%~49.4%,较高的水分条件加剧了土壤硝态氮向深层的淋溶。从满足冬小麦营养需求、减少土壤硝态氮的累积、提高肥料利用效率等方面综合考虑,冬小麦的适宜施肥量为Y2水平。     

胚龄和基因型对小麦幼胚体细胞胚性无性系的诱导

幼胚胚龄和供体植株的基因型都会影响小麦幼胚体细胞胚性无性系的产生。胚龄对小麦幼胚体细胞胚性无性系的高频率诱导有显著影响 ,表现为愈伤组织诱导率 (出愈率 )和胚性愈伤组织诱导率在不同胚龄下差异显著。在最适胚龄条件下 ,基因型对小麦幼胚培养出愈率的影响不大 ,而主要影响胚性愈伤组织的发生频率。在培养当代 ,以小偃 2 2、千斤早和西农 88(1)的培养效果为最好     

江坪河放空洞有压洞口段衬砌混凝土冬季温控方案分析

冬季衬砌混凝土施工面临的寒潮等问题,容易导致混凝土产生裂缝.基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,对江坪河放空洞有压段洞口段衬砌厚度为1.0 m的混凝土的拆模时间、围岩特性以及在遭遇寒潮时保温与否等6种不同的方案的进行了分析,并提出相应的温控方案和温控标准供设计与施工参考.     

两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶光合特性和水分利用对光强的响应

以超高产小麦兰考矮早八和豫麦49为材料,研究了开花期旗叶光合与水分利用对光强的响应。结果表明:开花期,随着光强的增加,旗叶光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)均表现不同程度增大,超过一定的光强后反而下降;但胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光强的增加而降低。与豫麦49相比,兰考矮早八在较高光强下旗叶仍表现出较高的光合特性与水分利用。     

辽宁小麦种植方式现状及发展

目前辽宁省以小麦为前茬的麦复粮油菜种植技术有了很大的发展，８０：８０、８０：１００、８０：１２０的米麦间复套种成为主要的种植方式。为了争取农时并获得全年增产，应改革播种技术，解决间复套种与农业机械的配合问题。今后还应加强复种技术的研究，加强中早熟作物品种的选育工作，以解决辽宁省麦粮复种下茬作物产量较低的问题。     

小麦幼胚愈伤组织辐照后代的遗传变异分析

以３个普通小麦品种为材料，用＾６０Ｃｏγ射线辐照小麦幼胚愈伤组织，在ＭＲ１、ＭＲ２代中才观察到广泛变异，其后代在育性、株高、抽穗期、千粒重、株型、蛋白质含量等方面者发生了明显变异，这些变异较单纯用组织培养得到的无性系的后代的变异频率更大，变异范围也更为广泛，并且从ＭＲ２中得到了几个有较高利用价值的变异株系。     

Evidence of durable resistance in nine Chinese land races and one Italian cultivar ofTriticum aestivum toPuccinia striiformis

In this study carried out from 1987 to 1994, in a very conducive environment to stripe rust, nine Chinese land races and one Italian cultivar of wheat showed fair levels of quantitative resistance to rust disease. The nine old Chinese cultivars had a commercial planting history in this conducive environment ranging from 20 to 100 years, in a cultivation area of 20 to 467 thousand hectares p.a. with no apparent erosion of resistance. The Italian cultivar has been used commercially for 15 years in China without showing a decrease in the level of quantitative resistance. All these data warrant the conclusion that the ten cultivars have a form of durable resistance to stripe rust.     

Yield Structure of Winter Faba Beans Grown in Northern Germany in Dependence of Different Environments, Seed Rates, Sowing Rates and Genotypes

Two series of field trials were performed at three sites in Schleswig-Holstein between 1981 and 1988 to inquire into the yield structure of European winter types of Vicia faba L. and to compare their yield potential with that of spring types. Due to low winter survival, 6 winter types could be evaluated only in 4 environments in dependence of 1–3 sowing times (series α: seed rate 30/m²) and 1 winter type in 5 environments in dependence of 3 sowing times and 3 seed rates (series β: seed rate 15, 30, 45/m²). Seed yield of winter type averaged 410 g/m² (D.M.) surpassing spring types by about 14 %. Environments caused a considerable variation in yield (275–620 g/m²) and in each yield component of winter types, while sowing dates and seed rates hardly affected the components seeds/pod and seed weight, which displayed stable genotypic rank orders. Compensative forces among the components plants/m², tillers/plant and pods/tiller, were established. Plant densities of less than 10/m² in spring, generally led to seed yield below 350 g/m². Variation between 15–30 plants/m² due to environments, sowing times or seed rates were frequently not fully compensated by tillering of plants, but often variation of the thus formed yield potential was reduced by pod set of tillers resulting in 210–270 pods/m². The direction of correlations of pods/tillers with tillers/plant and plants/m² differed due to experimental conditions whereas negative correlations between pods/tiller and tillers/ m² were generally evident. Tillering was significantly influenced by the sowing time, though the increase because of early sowing was often covered by compensative effects of different plant densities. A genotypic capability to produce reproductive tillers was demonstrated using an approach which considered different plant densities and compensative forces. Neither a genotypic capability of tillers to set pods nor direct effects of environments or sowing time on pod set were established.     

东北黑土区不同作物系统氮肥反硝化损失与N_2O排放量

在田间条件下,应用原状土柱培养-乙炔抑制法测定不同作物系统中氮肥反硝化损失和N20排放量.结果表明,在东北黑土旱作系统中土壤氮素反硝化损失量很低不施肥条件下,小麦、玉米和大豆地反硝化损失量分别为0.42,0.48和0.79 kgN·hm-2;施肥条件下为0.84,0.83和0.64 kgN·hm-2,作物间均无显著差异;氮素损失率仅占施肥量的0.61%、0.26%和-0.58%.小麦、玉米和大豆地N2O排放量在不施肥条件下作物间无显著差异,为0.74,0.41和0.48kgN·hm-2;施肥条件下差异极显著,排放量为0.72,1.37和0.44 kgN·hm-2;排放量分别占施氮量的-0.02%,0.69%和-0.14%.在玉米作物上施量较大,极显著地增加N2O排放量;在大豆作物上施肥量较低,表现出极显著地降低N2)排放量;小麦作物上施肥量也低,处理间N2O排放量差异不显著.     

石灰性土壤硒含量与小麦籽粒硒相关性研究

对新疆不同地区的39个小麦田耕层土壤及籽粒进行调查取样,研究土壤的全硒、有效硒含量与小麦籽粒硒含量的相关性及土壤硒含量的影响因素。结果表明:土壤全硒含量在0.144~1.153 mg·kg-1之间,其中10%属于少硒土壤(0.125~0.175 mg·kg-1),49%属于足硒土壤(0.175~0.450 mg·kg-1),41%属于富硒土壤(0.450~2.000 mg·kg-1),土壤硒的活化率平均为25.11%;小麦籽粒全硒含量在0.004~0.055 mg·kg-1之间,达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准(0.040~3.000 mg·kg-1)的仅有8%,92%小麦籽粒硒含量低于国家谷物类食品富硒标准,由此可知土壤全硒含量与小麦籽粒硒含量无相关性,而土壤有效硒与籽粒硒含量呈极显著正相关,所以要充分利用富硒土壤生产富硒小麦就必须提高土壤中硒的有效性;土壤有效硒与土壤p H值呈极显著正相关,因此在实际生产中可以通过改善土壤条件的方法来提高土壤硒的有效性,从而提高小麦籽粒中硒的含量;土壤全硒含量随土壤质地粘重程度的增加而增加。