基于结构规模的冬小麦种植面积遥感抽样估算

在种植结构复杂地区,由于受到混合像元和同期作物的影响,传统的以规模为分层标志进行冬小麦种植面积遥感估算难以保证抽样效率和精度。该文综合考虑混合像元、同期作物的影响,构建了结构规模指标进行冬小麦种植面积遥感抽样估算。采用TM和QuickBird为研究数据,设计不同的抽样方案估算冬小麦的种植面积,计算标准误差、准确度和变异系数衡量估算精度,与传统简单随机、规模指标分层抽样进行对比分析,验证本文方法的有效性。试验结果表明,以结构规模指标分层抽样的反推结果在各项指标上均明显优于传统简单随机、规模指标分层抽样方式,尤其在小样本量时,标准误差降低2.0×105m2,准确度提升了1%。该研究结果为在大范围种植结构复杂地区进行冬小麦种植面积遥感估算的改进提供了试验依据。     

南疆环塔里木盆地区域近50a冬季气温变化特征分析

根据南疆环塔里木盆地区1961—2010年以来资料完整的32个气象站点的资料,利用线性趋势函数分析了该地区近50年的冬季气温变化特征。结果表明：南疆环塔里木盆5个区域冬季年平均气温、平均最低气温、极端最低气温均呈增暖趋势,平均气温最高的年份集中出现在80年代末以后,冬季最暖年的出现具有统一性、大范围的特性暖温年多发生在80年代后,且90年代是50年中最暖的时期,冷年多发生在20世纪60年代、70年代;平均气温异常的年份为：1966年、1977为气温异常偏冷年,无异常偏暖年。     

高氮条件下硫氮互作对冬小麦幼苗生长及氮、硫吸收利用的影响

本试验在水培条件下,研究了不同氮、硫水平对小麦幼苗生长及氮、硫吸收利用的影响。结果表明,同一供氮水平下,在0.15 mmol/L～2.40 mmol/L供硫水平范围内,小麦幼苗根系活力随供硫水平的提高而显著下降。在4 mmol/L供氮水平下提高供硫水平,小麦幼苗植株地上部含硫量和含氮量均增加,叶片光合速率提高,对叶片和次生根的发育均有促进作用,增加了地上部和根系干物质积累量,但硫素利用效率和氮素利用效率降低。在8 mmol/L供氮水平下,随供硫水平的提高,小麦幼苗地上部含硫量增加,含氮量无显著变化;供硫水平过高则导致幼苗叶片光合同化能力降低,对幼苗发育、地上部和根部干物质及氮硫素积累不利,氮、硫利用效率降低。在0.15 mmol/L供硫水平下提高供氮水平有利于增加小麦幼苗地上部和根系含氮量,在2.40 mmol/L供硫水平下提高供氮水平对小麦幼苗地上部和根系含氮量无显著影响。说明在一定的氮、硫供应水平下,氮素和硫素之间存在互促效应;供应水平过高,则相互抑制,不利于小麦对氮、硫的吸收和利用。不同品种对氮、硫供应水平的反应不同,与鲁麦21和烟农19相比,在4 mmol/L供氮水平下,较高的供硫水平更有利于豫麦34和淄麦12各器官硫素和氮素的积累;在8 mmol/L供氮水平下,豫麦34和淄麦12对过高供硫水平的耐受能力较强。     

四川省油菜生产发展的时空演变特征分析

分析1988—2017年四川省油菜生产的时空演变特征,为进一步稳定四川油菜种植面积和优化油菜生产区域布局提供科学参考。对1988—2017年四川省油菜生产相关数据进行分析整理,利用区域重心分析法和比较优势指数法对区域布局和优势差异进行量化计算。结果表明,1988—2017年四川省油菜播种面积与总产量呈正相关的波动增长趋势,且油菜产量较油菜播种面积增长更快,油菜生产在区域间和区域内部分布不均。油菜播种面积和单产水平对油菜总产量有直接影响。1988—2017年四川省油菜生产重心基本稳定,油菜的主要生产区域由成都平原向川东北迁移,同时向川南地区扩展。结合分析结果,四川省应重视油菜生产布局规划,充分发挥各区域比较优势,加强基础设施建设投入,促进油菜种植规模化,积极引进农业科技人才,推广双低、高产、多抗、广适应的油菜新品种。     

甘蓝型油菜主要农艺性状的主成分分析

为了研究甘蓝型油菜各农艺性状之间的相互关系,提高油菜新品种的选育效率,对229份DH纯系材料进行农艺性状（包括株高、分枝高度、一次分枝数、主花序长度、主花序角果数、单株经济学产量和单株生物学产量等）的相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,株高、分枝高度、主花序长度、单株生物学产量和单株经济学产量等5个性状偏向于父本,而一次分枝数和主花序角果数偏向于母本。相关性分析显示,株高、分枝高度、主花序角果数、单株经济学产量和单株生物学产量之间均呈现极显著正相关,一次分枝数与株高和分枝高度之间呈负相关。主成分分析可将农艺性状综合为株高因子、一次分枝数因子、主花序角果数因子和分枝高度因子,累计贡献率达90.0%,基本涵盖了农艺性状的全部信息。     

施钾量对晋南旱地冬小麦的影响

通过2008—2010年大田试验,研究了不同施钾量对晋南雨养区冬小麦生育期光合生理特性、产量构成和钾素利用率的影响。结果表明,施钾可显著促进旱地小麦灌浆期旗叶光合作用,提高生育期旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,降低脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数和丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度,进而显著增加产量。但施钾量(K2O)在75～225kg/hm2范围内时,小麦旗叶光合生理指标及产量均无显著变化。钾肥利用率随施钾量的增加而显著降低,以施钾(K2O)75kg/hm2最高。综合考虑光合生理特性、产量及钾素利用率,当地旱作冬小麦施钾量以75kg/hm2左右为宜。     

甘蓝型双低三系杂交油菜高产制种技术研究Ⅴ. 宁杂1号三系亲本氮、磷、钾营养吸收积累差异

测定宁杂1号三系亲本植株及各器官不同生育期氮、磷、钾含量，结果表明，随着生育期的推移植株氮含量表现由高到低的趋势，磷含量呈现高—低—高—低—高的w型变化趋势，钾含量呈现高—低—高—低变化趋势。植株及营养器官的氮、磷、钾素积累量均呈先上升后下降的趋势，而生殖器官的氮、磷、钾素积累量则表现为逐渐递增趋势。亲本间氮、磷、钾含量和积累量变化趋势基本一致。同一生育期中，各器官的氮、钾含量和积累量均大于同一器官的磷含量和积累量；单株及各器官的钾积累量多大于同期氮积累量。植株磷素积累在抽薹阶段和结角阶段分别达到高峰。各器官氮、磷、钾积累量多以保持系最高，恢复系最小。针对三系亲本营养吸收积累特性，提出了宁杂1号高产制种的施肥技术。     

Resistance to the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius, and the probable modalities involved in wild Vigna

A large number of accessions belonging to selected wild Vigna species namely V. unguiculata subspecies dekindtiana, V. oblongifolia, and V. vexillata were evaluated using choice (DCAT) and no-choice (NCFT) laboratory feeding bioassays to determine their resistance to the pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. The most resistant accessions belonged to V. vexillata, followed by those from V. oblongifolia, with a few outstanding exceptions from V. unguiculata. Even though the latter were the least resistant, they provided the greatest variability among the tested accessions. In the DCAT, the cultivated cowpea line, IT84S-2246, which was used as the susceptible control was always preferred for feeding by the larvae (feeding index [FI] of 1.10–2.60) than the V. unguiculata accessions (FI ranged from 0–0.52). Against the resistant control (itself belonging to V. vexillata), only a few accessions were less preferred, most of these being either V. vexillata or V. oblongifolia. Larvae lost weight on the most resistant from all three species, because they either did not feed, or fed very little. Weight gain was positively correlated with seed damage (r = 0.82, P < 0.01) and the amount of frass produced (r = 0.91, P < 0.01). Seed damage was also positively correlated with the amount of frass produced (r = 0.64, P < 0.05). On the basis of these results, we believe that both antibiosis (post-ingestive effects) and antixenosis (deterrence to boring into the pods to feed) modalities of resistance are involved. The results are discussed further in relation to the origin, domestication and use of these accessions in cowpea improvement.     

Yield and nitrogen concentration of above- and below-ground biomasses of red clover cultivars in pure stands and in mixtures with three grass species in northern Europe

Three red clover (Trifolium pratense) varieties differing in productivity and winter hardiness, Jokioinen, Betty and Ilte, were sown in a 2‐year (2003–2004) pot experiment in pure stands and mixtures with the grasses, timothy (Phleum pratense), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis). Grass growth dominated until fertilizer‐N, applied when the stands were sown, was depleted. Timothy was the least competitive of the grass species. Red clover variety Ilte produced the highest dry‐matter (DM) yields. Variety Betty yielded less, but allocated as much biomass to the root and stubble (soil‐bound) fraction as variety Ilte. Variety Jokioinen allocated least to the soil‐bound fraction. While the root structure and the starch concentration of the crown‐root area were similar in all varieties, the high ratio of soil‐bound: harvested fractions could be a key to the higher winter survival and higher DM yields of Betty under field conditions. At the end of the experiment, 3–5 g N pot^?1 (49–81 g m^?2) had been harvested and 0·7–1·5 g N pot^?1 (11–24 g m^?2) was left in the soil‐bound fraction, amounts depending on the red clover variety and grass mixture, with pure clover stands containing the highest N amounts. Because of the high N concentrations in the biomass of red clover, the proportion of red clover and conditions prevailing during canopy and root death in mixed stands are crucial for N mineralization and incorporation into new growth.     

北京市猪舍节能改造的节能及保温效果

为了寻找北京市猪场节能的途径,对北京市既有供暖猪舍建筑围护结构保温性能进行了调查,并对370 mm厚墙、黏土瓦屋顶猪舍进行了墙体外贴保温板、黏土瓦屋顶上增加彩钢夹芯板保温层等节能改造,对节能潜力进行了估算,然后通过温度实测试验比较了节能改造舍与对照舍冬季的热环境状况。结果表明,北京市猪舍墙体、屋顶、窗户均不够节能;在假设供暖猪舍舍内冬季温度为20℃,供暖期为125 d的情况下,370 mm厚墙、黏土瓦屋顶猪舍1个采暖季的耗煤量为72 kg/m2,经过节能改造后,可节能69%。节能改造的投资回收期约为7.4 a。在舍外日平均温度为2.6~9.3℃情况下,试验节能改造舍舍内日平均温度较对照舍高1~3℃。舍外逐时温度越低,节能改造舍与对照舍内逐时温度差越大。试验期间,舍外逐时温度最低值为-2.3℃时,节能改造舍较对照舍逐时温度提高3.6℃。该文可为北京市既有供暖猪舍改造方案提供参考。