长期施肥黑土微生物区系及功能多样性的变化

Black soil （Mollisol） is one of the main soil types in northeastern China. Biolog and polymerase chain reactiondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） methods were used to examine the influence of various fertilizer combinations on the structure and function of the bacterial community in a black soil collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. Biolog results showed that substrate richness and catabolic diversity of the soil bacterial community were the greatest in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments. The metabolic ability of the bacterial community in the manure treatment was similar to the control. DGGE fingerprinting indicated similarity in the distribution of most 16S rDNA bands among all treatments, suggesting that microorganisms with those bands were stable and not influenced by fertilization. However, chemical fertilizer increased the diversity of soil bacterial community. Principal com- ponent analysis of Biolog and DGGE data revealed that the structure and function of the bacterial community were similar in the control and manure treatments, suggesting that the application of manure increased the soil microbial population, but had no effect on the bacterial community structure. Catabolic function was similar in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments, but the composition structure of the soil microbes differed between them. The use of chemical fertilizers could result in a decline in the catabolic activity of fast-growing or eutrophic bacteria.     

黄土塬区旱作农田长期定位施肥对冬小麦水分利用的影响

对长期定位施肥试验第22年度的测定数据进行了分析,探讨了旱地施肥对冬小麦水分利用的影响。试验结果表明,测定年份冬小麦的耗水深度受播种前雨季降雨入渗深度的影响位于地下200 cm左右。长期施肥单施磷肥处理,播种期土壤有效贮水量与不施肥的对照接近,而单施氮肥,氮磷配施和氮磷钾配施均显著低于对照;在施P2O5 90 kg/hm2配施氮肥或施N 90 kg/hm2配施磷肥,随着施氮量或施磷量从0增加到180 kg/hm2,播种期土壤有效贮水量均逐渐降低,但前者作物的土壤水分消耗表现出降低趋势,而后者表现出增加趋势。与对照相比,各施肥处理均提高了土壤有效底墒的利用率。氮磷配施比单施磷肥降低了土壤供水占作物耗水的比例,使得作物生长和产量的形成对当季降水的依赖性增加。与对照相比,氮磷配施及氮磷钾配施显著提高了冬小麦收获指数、产量和水分利用效率,而单施磷肥和氮肥使收获指数、产量和水分利用效率显著降低。施P2O5 90 kg/hm2的条件下,不同施氮量之间收获指数差异较小,而产量和水分利用效率均高于单施磷肥;施N 90 kg/hm2的条件下,不同施磷量作物的收获指数、产量和水分利用效率均得到提高。     

不同黑麦草品种种子萌发期抗旱性研究

以0、5%、10%、15%、20%的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液为干旱胁迫条件,对13个不同用途黑麦草品种种子的相对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、种子活力指数和胚根/胚芽值进行测定并聚类分析。结果表明,在种子萌发期,高抗旱性的黑麦草品种是沃土、俄勒冈四倍体、特高、雅晴、首相、抗锈王、麦迪和剑宝;抗旱性偏弱的品种是顶峰、夜影Ⅱ、潘多拉和匹克;冬绿的抗旱性最差。     

不同菌根类型植物生物量分配对干旱的响应

基于干旱对全球植物生物量分配影响的数据库,选择丛枝菌根(AM)、外生菌根(ECM)和二者兼生型菌根(AM+ECM)3种最常见的菌根类型,研究3种菌根类型植物应对干旱时各器官生物量分配的变化,采用一般线性模型模拟分析器官间的相对生长速率,探索不同菌根类型植物生物量分配对干旱的响应。结果表明：在干旱条件下,AM和AM+ECM植物根系生物量(M_R)的分配率分别增加了8.2%和7.6%,而ECM植物对M_R的分配则无显著变化;干旱导致AM植物茎生物量(M_S)分配率降低了7.7%,ECM和AM+ECM植物对M_S的分配则无显著变化;干旱使得AM+ECM植物和ECM植物叶生物量(M_L)的分配率分别下降了9.4%和6.5%,AM植物M_L则无显著变化;不同菌根类型植物遭受干旱时,AM和AM+ECM植物根、茎、叶的生物量积累速率依次降低,ECM植物茎、叶、根的生物量积累速率依次降低;不同菌根类型植物对干旱响应的策略不同,AM植物通过降低茎和生殖器官的生物量分配来提高对根的生物量...     

磷、铁处理对冬小麦种子萌发和幼苗活力的影响

为明确磷、铁处理对冬小麦种子萌发和幼苗活力的影响,以冬小麦品种‘济麦22’为材料,采用NaH₂PO₄和Fe₂(SO₄)₃作为处理溶液,选择不降低种子发芽率的最大摩尔浓度处理种子;测定苗期正常水分(T₁)和干旱处理(T₂)下冬小麦幼苗干重、株高、叶面积、SPAD和抗氧化酶活性等指标的变化。结果表明:0.05~0.30 mol/L NaH₂PO₄处理的冬小麦种子发芽率比对照提高2.00%~14.00%,0.01~0.04 mol/L Fe₂(SO₄)₃处理的冬小麦种子发芽率比对照提高4.01%,而0.50~0.90 mol/L NaH₂PO₄处理的冬小麦种子发芽率与对照相比降低16.00%~24.00%,0.05~0.07 mol/L Fe₂(SO₄)₃处理的冬小麦种子发芽率与对照相比降低10.00%~24.00%,在本试验条件下,NaH₂PO₄、Fe₂(SO₄)₃处理对种子萌发生长不产生抑制作用的最大浓度分别为0.30和0.04 mol/L;2种水分条件下,NaH₂PO₄处理能显著提高冬小麦幼苗干重和株高,Fe₂(SO₄)₃处理只在正常水分下显著提高幼苗的株高;NaH₂PO₄和Fe₂(SO₄)₃处理均能显著提高冬小麦幼苗新生叶片的叶面积、叶片的SPAD以及叶片SOD和CAT活性,但对POD活性无显著提高。总之,适宜浓度的NaH₂PO₄、Fe₂(SO₄)₃处理能促进冬小麦种子的萌发,同时可以提高冬小麦幼苗的有效光合面积和叶绿素含量,改善了幼苗的光合作用,提高了叶片抗氧化酶活性,进而增强了幼苗活力和抗旱性。     

考虑径流非一致性的水库分期旱限水位优化研究

【目的】分析变化环境下水文序列的非一致性,为龙羊峡水库分期旱限水位优化调度模型的建立提供参考。【方法】采用Mann-Kendall检验法、有序聚类分析法和水文序列振动中心重构法,对龙羊峡水库年径流序列进行一致性分析及修正,然后利用水库旱限水位分级和Fisher最优分割法,对径流序列修正前后不同干旱等级下的水库分期旱限水位进行确定,最后通过耦合分期旱限水位建立以缺水指数最小为目标函数的龙羊峡水库优化调度模型,对径流序列修正前后两种情况下的分期旱限水位进行对比研究。【结果】一致性检验发现,龙羊峡水库径流序列具有明显下降的趋势,并在1989年发生突变。经一致性修正后计算龙羊峡水库7-10月、11-12月、1-4月、5-6月4个分期的旱限水位,在轻旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 534.91,2 539.10和2 535.13 m,中旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 535.44,2 539.80和2 536.70 m,重旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 535.87,2 540.35和2 537.89 m;特旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 536.06,2 540.58和2 538.12 m。采用不同调度模型对龙羊峡水库进行优化调度,结果显示修正后的调度效果较好,其总缺水量、缺水指数相比修正前分别降低5.37%和6.03%,其中枯水时段平均缺水量降低了10.71%,缺水程度改善明显。【结论】非一致性径流对龙羊峡水库旱限水位的确定有一定影响,一致性修正后的径流使水库旱限水位的确定更加可靠,水库的抗旱能力得以提升,可为水库供水、抗旱应急管理决策提供参考。     

基于改进K-means算法的冬小麦覆盖度提取研究

为快速、精准地提取冬前分蘖期冬小麦覆盖度,提出了一种基于改进K-means算法的冬小麦覆盖度提取方法。首先将冬小麦图像转换到Lab色彩空间,其次利用蜉蝣算法（Mayfly Algorithm, MA）获取K-means最优初始聚类中心,并用马氏距离代替欧氏距离进行算法改进,最后利用分割得到的二值图像计算冬小麦覆盖度。结果显示,该方法的平均分割精度和平均处理时间分别为94.66%和2.03 s,与过绿指数（excess green,EXG）自适应阈值分割和基于粒子群优化算法（particle swarm optimization,PSO）的K-means(PSO-K-means)分割相比,分割精度分别提高了12.04%和4.18%,处理时间分别减少了2.26和2.94 s。该方法分割效果优于EXG和PSO-K-means分割方法,可用于提取冬小麦覆盖度。     

Effects of planting patterns plastic film mulching on soil temperature,moisture, functional bacteria and yield of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China

The yield of winter wheat is hindered by drought and low temperature in the Loess Plateau of China. Two common mulching methods to conserve soil moisture, ridge furrows with plastic film mulching (RP) and flat soil surfaces with plastic film mulching (FP) are helpful for wheat production. Our previous study indicated that FP could improve wheat yield more effectively than RP, but the reason remains unclear. The effect of mulching method on functional bacteria also needs to be further studied. In this study, winter wheat was employed to evaluate the impacts of mulching method on soil temperature, moisture content, microorganisms and grain yield. The results showed that FP had a warming effect when the soil temperature was low and a cooling effect when the temperature was too high. However, the ability to regulate soil temperature in the RP method was unstable and varied with year. The lowest negative accumulated soil temperature was found in the FP treatment, which was 20–89 and 43–99% lower than that of the RP and flat sowing with non-film mulching control (NP) treatments, respectively. Deep soil moisture was better transferred to topsoil for wheat growth in the FP and RP treatments than the NP treatment, which made the topsoil moisture in the two treatments (especially FP) more sufficient than that in the NP treatment during the early growing stage of wheat. However, due to the limited water resources in the study area, there was almost no difference between treatments in topsoil water storage during the later stage. The wheat yield in the FP treatment was significantly higher, by 12–16 and 23–56%, respectively, than in the RP and NP treatments. Significant positive correlations were observed among the negative accumulated soil temperature, spike number and wheat yield. The Chao1 and Shannon indices in the RP treatment were 17 and 3.9% higher than those in the NP treatment, respectively. However, according to network relationship analysis, the interspecific relationships of bacteria were weakened in the RP treatment. Phosphorus solubilizing, ammonification and nitrification bacteria were more active in the RP than in the FP treatment, and microbes with nitrate reduction ability and plant pathogens were inhibited in the RP treatment, which improved nutrient availability and habitat for wheat.