Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions

Roundworms and flatworms that affect donkeys can cause disease. All common helminth parasites that affect horses also infect donkeys, so animals that co‐graze can act as a source of infection for either species. Of the gastrointestinal nematodes, those belonging to the cyathostomin (small strongyle) group are the most problematic in UK donkeys. Most grazing animals are exposed to these parasites and some animals will be infected all of their lives. Control is threatened by anthelmintic resistance: resistance to all 3 available anthelmintic classes has now been recorded in UK donkeys. The lungworm, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, is also problematical, particularly when donkeys co‐graze with horses. Mature horses are not permissive hosts to the full life cycle of this parasite, but develop clinical signs on infection. In contrast, donkeys are permissive hosts without displaying overt clinical signs and act as a source of infection to co‐grazing horses. Donkeys are also susceptible to the fluke, Fasciola hepatica. This flatworm can be transmitted, via snails and the environment, from ruminants. As with cyathostomins, anthelmintic resistance is increasing in fluke populations in the UK. A number of the anthelmintic products available for horses do not have a licence for use in donkeys, and this complicates the design of parasite control programmes. As no new equine anthelmintic classes appear to be near market, it is important that the efficacy of currently effective drugs is maintained. It is important that strategies are used that attempt to preserve anthelmintic efficacy. These strategies should be based on the concept that the proportion of worms in a population not exposed to anthelmintic at each treatment act as a source of ‘refugia’. The latter is an important factor in the rate at which resistance develops. Thus, it is imperative that parasite control programmes take into account the need to balance therapy to control helminth‐associated disease with the requirement to preserve anthelmintic effectiveness.     

猪源致病性沙门氏菌耐药基因的分析

采用平板稀释法，选用氨基糖苷类、四环素类、磺胺类和氯霉素类4大类抗生素的11种药物，对30株猪源致病性沙门氏菌进行了药敏试验，结果有28株菌（93．3％）至少对一种药物有耐药性；对四环素、强力霉素、磺胺甲基异口恶唑、复方新诺明、链霉素、卡那霉索和氯霉素有耐药性的菌株较普遍，在所有菌株中占比例分别为83．3％、80％、80％、76．7％、60％、56．7％和56．7％。设计了25对引物，对耐药基因进行了扩增及序列测定，结果扩增到13种耐药基因，与GenBank中的相应基因有很高的同源性（≥98．1％）。30株猪源致病性沙门氏菌中至少含有一种耐药基因的菌株有28株（93．3％），sul1、aph（3′）-Ⅱa、tetC、Catl、tetA和aadAl耐药基因较为普遍，检出率分别为76．7％、60％、60％、43．3％、40％和36．7％。药敏试验结果与耐药基因检测结果有很高的一致性（≥88％）。     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Reasons for performing study: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diagnosed rarely in equine practice although it may be under‐recognised. A greater awareness of the condition and therapeutic considerations would be to the benefit of such cases presenting in practice. More investigation into the pharmacological management of these cases is needed. Objectives: Three cases of diabetes mellitus were investigated using a specific test for insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function in order to define accurately and characterise the existence of T2DM in all 3 subjects. Methods: The insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed in each case and the data so obtained were subject to minimal model analysis of insulin‐glucose dynamics. Cases were then monitored following treatment using a combination of dietary modification, metformin, glibenclamide and pergolide. Results: Marked insulin resistance was identified in each case and, furthermore, severe pancreatic β cell dysfunction was present therefore classifying each case as end stage T2DM. Treatment was nevertheless associated with restoration of normoglycaemia in all cases. Conclusions: T2DM in horses may be more common than generally considered. In some cases individuals may respond to therapy aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function. Drugs used in other species for the treatment of T2DM have not yet been adequately tested in horses. Potential relevance: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.     

20份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性综合评价及光合特性分析

在温室条件下,采用反复干旱法,对引进的20份无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)种质材料,以存活率、株高、绿叶数、地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比6个指标的抗旱系数值,采用聚类分析法、标准差系数赋予权重法进行综合评价。结果表明:20份无芒雀麦苗期抗旱性划分成3个级别,其中抗旱性较强的有9份材料,抗旱性较弱有6份材料,抗旱性居中的有5份材料。20份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性排序结果为ZXY06P-1621抗旱性最强,ZXY05P-1171最弱。不同抗旱级别种质材料的光合特性表现为:随着持续干旱胁迫延续,其光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)均呈下降趋势,复水后迅速上升;而CO₂浓度的变化趋势则呈相反变化趋势,且在整个胁迫过程中变化差异不显著。干旱胁迫下抗旱性强的材料能够保持较高的光合性能。     

番鸭源鸭疫里默氏菌大环内脂类药物的耐药基因检测与分析

为了解莆田市番鸭源鸭疫里默氏菌对大环内酯类药物的耐药性和相关耐药基因携带情况,对本实验室分离鉴定的49株番鸭源鸭疫里默氏菌菌株采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,提取菌株基因组DNA,采用PCR方法对大环内酯类药物的ermA、ermB、ermC、ermF、ereD等5种耐药基因进行检测,阳性产物送公司测序并对序列进行分析...     

家蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶研究进展

谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶在内外源有毒物质的代谢中起着重要作用。家蚕既是重要的经济昆虫,也是重要的模式生物。家蚕作为鳞翅目昆虫的模式生物,研究家蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶,对于阐明谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与杀虫剂抗性的关系,防治农林害虫有着重要的理论意义。本文就谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶在家蚕中的研究现状作了归纳,希望对今后谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的研究能有所帮助。     

结缕草属杂交后代抗寒性评价

以结缕草(Zoysia Willd.)杂交后代为材料,以Z014(马尼拉)、Z129(青岛结缕草)及Z077(“兰引3号”结缕草)为对照,以电解质外渗法和地下茎恢复性生长评价其抗寒性,分析抗寒性、枯萎期及青绿期的回归关系。结果表明:叶片电解质外渗率半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变化范围为-5.78~-8.26℃,其中22-2、40-2和40-8的半致死温度均低于对照;叶片半致死温度由低到高,即抗寒性由强到弱依次为22-2>40-2>40-8>Z077>Z129>Z014>40-5>31-3>18-1>18-4>37-1>22-3;地下茎恢复生长试验结果表明,杂交后代在-6℃时全部致死,在-2℃处理后均可以恢复生长,恢复生长的百分率变异较大(14.7%~100%),其中31-3与40-2超过Z014与Z077,22-2超过Z077;供试材料间叶片和地下茎抗寒性的测定结果一致;回归分析结果表明,叶片的半致死温度、青绿期及枯萎期相关不显著。     

转录组测序在林草植物抗逆性研究中的应用

生物和非生物胁迫对农作物产量和生态环境造成极大的威胁,林草植物对外界环境具有较强的适应能力,因此挖掘林草植物抗逆基因,分析其抗逆机制已经成为当下的研究趋势。随着科学技术的发展,利用生物测序技术研究植物抗逆的分子机制已成为当今植物逆境生理和分子生物学研究的一个重大课题,其中转录组测序(RNA-seq)研究是揭示植物抗逆机理以及筛选抗逆基因的主要研究技术。以Roche/454、Illumina/Solexa和ABI/SOLID为代表的二代测序技术(NGS)发展迅速,相较于传统测序手段具有成本低、测序时间短、高通量等优点,已被广泛应用于全基因组、RNA-seq和miRNA测序等研究。因此,RNA-seq技术可加快林草植物抗逆机制的研究和抗逆基因资源的挖掘,从而为农作物、优良林草植物抗逆性遗传改良和新品种培育奠定基础。本研究详细介绍了近年来NGS技术在林草植物应对病虫害、高温、冷害、盐、干旱以及土地贫瘠等方面的转录组学的研究进展,最后针对转录组测序的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

植物生长延缓剂在草坪上的应用

综述了植物生长延缓剂的分类以及对草坪草生长发育、抗逆性及草坪杂草的影响.总结得出,植物生长延缓剂可有效降低草坪草的植株高度,促进分蘖,增加绿度,提高草坪草的抗逆性,但对根系生长的影响和杂草的控制尚存在争议.     

推迟灌拔节水条件下种植模式对冬小麦抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

华北平原冬小麦在粮食生产中占据重要地位,受到灌溉用水短缺影响以及生育后期易倒伏减产的制约,冬小麦供需矛盾日益突出。该研究探究了推迟灌拔节水条件下不同种植模式对冬小麦抗倒伏特性的影响,设置宽幅精播（W）与常规种植（C）2种种植模式,每种种植模式设置灌拔节水60 mm（I1）和推迟10 d灌拔节水60 mm（I2）2种灌溉处理,研究冬小麦关键生育期茎秆物理指标,倒数第2节间茎杆力学、抗倒伏指数、蠕变变形量、产量及其组成等指标,探究冬小麦抗倒伏特性综合调优的种植模式和灌溉制度。结果表明,宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水对抽穗期倒数第2节间茎杆抗折力有显著提升的趋势,显著提高了抗弯刚度,显著降低了蜡熟期倒数第2节间茎杆抗折力和抗弯刚度,以及植株蜡熟期鲜质量;宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水显著提高了抽穗期抗倒伏指数,并提升了灌浆期抗倒伏指数,该处理在抽穗期、灌浆期和蜡熟期的抗倒伏指数平均值分别为2.03、1.58和1.87 N/(m·g)。冬小麦倒数第2节间茎杆在施加小于其极限抗折力的不同比例荷载时具有蠕变特性,宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水茎杆蠕变极值平均值在抽穗期最大,灌浆期表现仍然较好,均由减速蠕变过渡到稳定蠕变阶段,蠕变极值范围介于0.6%～3.7%,蠕变极值平均值介于0.7%～2.5%。综合考虑抗倒伏指数和蠕变试验结果,冬小麦在宽幅精播模式下结合推迟10 d灌拔节水处理的抗倒伏特性最优。研究结果可为华北平原冬小麦节水高产提供理论依据和技术支持。