重庆野生百合花蕾诱导再生植株技术研究

为了重庆野生百合资源的有效保护和开发利用,以重庆地区野生百合花蕾为试验材料,采用植物组织诱导培养的方法对其再生植株技术进行了研究。结果表明：以即将开放的百合花蕾为外植体材料,消毒容易,无污染;通过对花蕾各器官（花冠、花托、花丝、花药、花柱、柱头、花梗）的诱导培养,表明试验所选的1号培养基MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L能诱导花冠、花托、花丝出芽,2号培养基MS+ 6- BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L仅能诱导花冠出芽;幼芽增殖以MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L的增殖系数最高,为3.2,增殖幼苗生长健壮;生根培养以14号培养基(MS+ NAA 0.4 mg/L)诱导百合生根最佳,生根率为100%;移栽结果以18号培养基(MS+ IBA 0.5 mg/L)的生根培养苗成活率较高,达到了85%。     

利用浸苗法将野生天麻总DNA导入马铃薯的初步研究

采用浸苗法将野生天麻总DNA导入马铃薯试管苗,研究野生天麻总DNA对马铃薯的转化,分析马铃薯转化植株中野生天麻的药用成分。结果表明：（1）在200株转化的马铃薯中有21株的紫外扫描图谱与正常对照组有显著差异,且在220nm有明显吸收峰。（2）通过薄层层析法（TLC）检测出3株转基因马铃薯表达野生天麻的有效药用成分天麻素。     

Salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness of native xeroriparian plants in semi-arid western USA

Restoration of salt-affected soils is a global concern. In the western United States, restoration of salinized land, particularly in river valleys, often involves control of Tamarix, an introduced species with high salinity tolerance. Revegetation of hydrologically disconnected floodplains and terraces after Tamarix removal is often difficult because of limited knowledge regarding the salinity tolerance of candidate native species for revegetation. Additionally, Tamarix appears to be non-mycorrhizal. Extended occupation of Tamarix may deplete arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, further decreasing the success of revegetation efforts. To address these issues, we screened 42 species, races, or ecotypes native to southwestern U.S. for salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness. As expected, the taxa tested showed a wide range of responses to salinity and mycorrhizal fungi. This variation also occurred between ecotypes or races of the same species, indicating that seed collected from high-salinity reference systems is likely better adapted to harsh conditions than seed originating from less saline environments. All species tested had a positive or neutral response to mycorrhizal inoculation. We found no clear evidence that mycorrhizae increased salinity tolerance, but some species were so dependent on mycorrhizal fungi that they grew poorly at all salinity levels in pasteurized soil.     

橘小实蝇不育雄虫与野生雄虫间遗传分化

对橘小实蝇不育雄虫和福建7个不同地区的野生雄虫共37个个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I（mtDNA COI）基因进行了部分序列测定。在获得的650bp序列中,共有72个变异位点、32个单倍型,其中共享单倍型3种;对所有单倍型聚类分析发现,单倍型在系统树中的分布散乱,没有显示出明显的地理分布族群;结合遗传变异指数（Fst）和净遗传距离（Da）分析认为橘小实蝇不育雄虫与野生虫源间、不同来源的野生虫源间已存有一定程度的遗传分化,但分化程度较低。研究认为应用昆虫不育技术防治橘小实蝇,在饲养过程中需针对不同防治区引进野生虫源复壮,以确保不育雄虫和野生虫源相匹配,提高防治效果。     

Organic acid exudation by mycorrhizal Andropogon virginicus L. (broomsedge) roots in response to aluminum

Elevated aluminum (Al) availability limits plant growth on acidic soils. Although this element is found naturally in soils, acidic conditions create an environment where Al solubility increases and toxic forms of Al impact plant function. Plant resistance to Al is often attributed to organic acid exudation from plant roots and the chelation of cationic Al in the rhizosphere. The association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with the roots of plants may alleviate Al toxicity by altering soil Al availability or plant exposure through the binding of Al to fungal structures or through the influence of fungi on exudation from roots. Diverse communities of AM fungi are found in soil ecosystems and research suggests that AM fungi exhibit functional diversity that may influence plant performance under varying edaphic environments. In the present study, we evaluated acidic isolates of six AM species in their responses to Al. Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), a warm-season grass that commonly grows in a range of stressful environments including acidic soils, was used as a plant host for Acaulospora morrowiae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum, Paraglomus brasilianum, and Scutellospora heterogama. Fungal spores were germinated and exposed to 0 or 100 μM Al on filter paper in sand culture or were grown and exposed to Al in sand culture in association with A. virginicus. Short- and long-term responses to Al were evaluated using direct measurements of fungal spore germination, hyphal elongation, and measurements of A. virginicus colonization and plant growth as a phytometer of AM function in symbio. Spore germination and hyphal elongation varied among AM species in response to Al, but patterns were not consistent with the influences of these AM species on A. virginicus under Al exposure. Exposure to Al did not influence colonization of roots, although large differences existed in colonization among fungal species. Plants colonized by G. clarum and S. heterogama exhibited the least reduction in growth when exposed to Al, produced the highest concentrations of Al-chelating organic acids, and had the lowest concentrations of free Al in their root zones. This pattern provides evidence that variation among AM fungi in Al resistance conferred to their plant hosts is associated with the exudation of Al-binding organic acids from roots and highlights the role that AM fungal diversity may play in plant performance in acidic soil environments.     

Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizosphere bacteria during mineral weathering: Budget analysis and bacterial quantification

The impact of ectomycorrhizal fungi or rhizosphere bacteria on tree seedling growth and nutrient uptake is well known. However, few studies have combined those microorganisms in one experiment to clarify their relative contribution and interactions in nutrient acquisition. Here, we monitored the respective contributions of pine roots, two ubiquitous forest ectomycorrhizal fungi Scleroderma citrinum and Laccaria bicolor, and two S. citrinum-mycorrhizosphere bacterial strains of Burkholderia glathei and Collimonas sp., on mineral weathering, nutrient uptake, and plant growth. Pinus sylvestris plants were grown on quartz–biotite substrate and inoculated or not with combinations of mycorrhizal fungi and/or bacterial strains. Magnesium and potassium fluxes were measured and nutrient budgets were calculated. Both ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly increased Mg plant uptake. No significant effects of the two bacterial strains were detected on the K and Mg budgets, but co-inoculating the mycorrhizal fungus S. citrinum and the efficient mineral-weathering B. glathei bacterial strain significantly improved the Mg budget. Similarly, co-inoculating S. citrinum with the Collimonas sp. bacterial strain significantly improved the pine biomass compared to non-inoculated pine plants. In order to better understand this process, we monitored the survival of the inoculated bacterial strains in the quartz–biotite substrate, the pine rhizosphere, and the mycorrhizal niche. The results showed that the two bacterial strains harboured different colonization behaviours both of which depended on the presence of the ectomycorrhizal partner. The populations of the Burkholderia strain were maintained in all these environments with a significantly higher density in the mycorrhizal niche, especially of S. citrinum. In contrast the population of the Collimonas strain reached the detection level except in the treatment inoculated with S. citrinum. These results highlight the need for taking into account the ecology of the microorganisms, and more specifically the fungal–bacterial interactions, when studying mineral weathering and plant nutrition.     

Potential for monoterpenes to affect ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal activity in coniferous forests is revealed by novel experimental system

The fungal community in coniferous forest soils plays a pivotal role in ecosystem processes such as decomposition and carbon and nutrient cycling. Both saprotrophic (SP) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi occur throughout the upper soil horizons in coniferous forests and could therefore be exposed to high concentrations of monoterpenes occurring in the needle litter and roots of some tree species. Previous work has noted the differential effects of monoterpenes on the mycelial growth of a range of both SP and ECM fungi when grown in artificial nutrient media. This study used a novel experimental system to assess the effect of environmentally relevant concentrations of monoterpenes on the activity of ECM and SP fungi grown on more natural substrata. Exposure of the ECM fungus Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. to vapours of either α-pinene or β-pinene resulted in a significantly greater proportion of root tips being colonised by the fungus when it was grown with seedlings of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Exposure to monoterpenes resulted in a significant decrease in respiration rate of two species of litter degrading SP fungi, Mycena galopus var. candida J. E. Lange and Collybia butyracea (Bull.) P. Kumm. There was no difference in response between the two SP species, despite the fact that previous tests in liquid nutrient media, with monoterpenes at higher concentrations, indicated that one species was sensitive and one was not. The high volatility and low solubility of monoterpenes in water make them challenging to work with. The experimental system developed here, although still artificial, provides a bridge between pure culture studies in defined media and all the complexities of forest soils in the field, by allowing the exposure of fungi to environmentally relevant monoterpene concentrations in more natural substrata.     

五种牧草及三种草坪草种子寄藏真菌检测初探

采用PDA平皿法和滤纸法检测了市售5个牧草品种和3个草坪草品种种子样品寄藏真菌的情况,并就分离获得的真菌对种子出苗及幼苗生长的影响进行了初步研究.结果表明,供试种子样品带菌率为0～70.5%,分离获得的35个真菌分离物大多属于镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)、链格孢菌(Alternaria spp.)、蠕孢菌(Helminthosporium spp.)、小核菌(Sclerotium sp.)、匍柄霉菌(Stemphylium spp.)和曲霉菌(Aspergillus spp.).供试样品中假俭草和波多马各(鸭茅)种子带菌率较高,在PDA平皿检测中其未经表面消毒处理的种子带菌率分别为48.4%和70.5%,表面消毒处理种子带菌率分别为40.8%和28.8%,分离获得的种子寄藏真菌对假俭草和波多马各种子出苗及幼苗生长的影响较小.圣地亚哥(南苜蓿)和菊苣种子带菌率较低,但分离获得的真菌对其种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响较大.以镰刀菌与匍柄霉菌接种过的南苜蓿种子出苗率分别比未经表面消毒且未接种真菌的对照低44.0%和21.7%,出苗后的病苗率分别为22.7%和29.7%;以链格孢菌与曲霉菌接种过的菊苣种子的出苗率分别比未经表面消毒且未接种真菌的对照低22.0%和27.5%,出苗后的病苗率分别为2.3%和29.3%.     

干旱区五种野生观赏植物的引种栽培试验

本文采用不同催芽方法、育苗和栽培技术 ,对蒙古扁桃 ( Prunus mongolica Max-im.)、粗壮黄芪 ( Astragalus H oantchy Franch.)、沙冬青 ( Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Max-im.) Cheng f.)、山丹 ( L iliun pumilum DC.)和内蒙古野丁香 ( Leptodermis ordosica H.C.)五种分布于内蒙古西部具有观赏价值又为珍稀濒危植物的种子萌发特性、成苗特性进行了研究 ,同时进行了引种栽培技术的初步探索。结果表明 :蒙古扁桃和粗壮黄芪的种子经机械打磨处理后 ,在湿润的沙性基质中栽培效果较好 ,生长两年的植株移栽成活率较高 ;山丹在壤土中萌发率较高 ,异地移栽的山丹 ,如室内栽培 ,需进行春化作用和人工授粉才能开花、结果 ;沙冬青在沙性较强的基质及一定的湿度条件下栽培效果良好 ;内蒙古野丁香则在黏土中生长良好。     

Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds between July 2005 and June 2007

Objective   To identify and gain an understanding of the influenza viruses circulating in wild birds in Australia.
Design   A total of 16,303 swabs and 3782 blood samples were collected and analysed for avian influenza (AI) viruses from 16,420 wild birds in Australia between July 2005 and June 2007. Anseriformes and Charadriiformes were primarily targeted.
Procedures   Cloacal, oropharyngeal and faecal (environmental) swabs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the AI type A matrix gene. Positive samples underwent virus culture and subtyping. Serum samples were analysed using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for influenza A virus nucleoprotein.
Results   No highly pathogenic AI viruses were identified. However, 164 PCR tests were positive for the AI type A matrix gene, 46 of which were identified to subtype. A total of five viruses were isolated, three of which had a corresponding positive PCR and subtype identification (H3N8, H4N6, H7N6). Low pathogenic AI H5 and/or H7 was present in wild birds in New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Antibodies to influenza A were also detected in 15.0% of the birds sampled.
Conclusions   Although low pathogenic AI virus subtypes are currently circulating in Australia, their prevalence is low (1.0% positive PCR). Surveillance activities for AI in wild birds should be continued to provide further epidemiological information about circulating viruses and to identify any changes in subtype prevalence.