贺兰山野生大型真菌孢子多样性分析

为探讨贺兰山野生大型真菌孢子的多样性,2012-2016年在内蒙古贺兰山南寺和哈拉乌沟两地进行取样,每个样地分别由5人从沟谷入口处进行拉网式调查,共获得4 000余份样品,经过微观形态观察和基因ITS序列比对,鉴定出8目25科69属189种大型真菌,主要对其孢子形态特征、表面特征及长宽比进行分析,得到如下结论:质量性状上,孢子形态特征和表面特征相互独立;数量性状上,大小孢子长宽比、孢子极端比和平均比均具有一致性和关联性,显示孢子数量特征的稳定性;菌种间孢子质量性状和数量性状具有很强的多样性;按照孢子多样性低、中、高分类,贺兰山野生大型真菌物种数分别为152种、26种和11种;孢子多样性分类为大型真菌鉴别、分类提供了基本依据。     

一种国外野生沉香的生物活性和化学成分研究

研究一种国外野生沉香乙醚提取物的生物活性并分析其化学成分，为国外野生沉香的进一步研究和开发利用 提供一定的基础。采用乙醚浸提法提取沉香，对提取物分别用 MTT 法、Ellman 法、pNPG 法和贝曼漏斗法进行细胞毒、 乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制和杀全齿复活线虫活性测试，利用 GC-MS 分析提取物化学成分。结果表明，该 提取物对 5 株人体肿瘤细胞、乙酰胆碱酯酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和全齿复活线虫均表现出一定的生物活性。GC-MS 检测鉴 定了其中的 26 个化合物，相对含量为 57.39%，包括 23 个倍半萜类成分，相对含量为 56.72%，1 个 2-(2-苯乙基)色酮 类成分，相对含量为 0.35%。本次对此种国外野生沉香的生物活性和化学成分研究，发现沉香乙醚提取物具有杀线虫 的活性，为更好地开发沉香的药用价值提供了一定的科学依据。     

大豆种子寄藏真菌致病性测定方法比较

寄藏真菌可侵染大豆种子,降低种子的萌芽及活力,影响种子的品质和商品等级。为探讨不同接种方法对寄藏真菌致病性的影响,在实验室条件下比较了种子接种法和植株接种法(切顶端接种法、伤口接种法、切茎接种法和下胚轴接种法)对寄藏真菌致病性的影响。结果表明:各方法中寄藏真菌均对大豆产生致病性,并能显著区分寄藏真菌间致病性差异。其中切顶端接种法相比其他3种植物接种方法更简单有效而准确,而种子接种法更适合在室内进行,且周期短,相比植株接种法方便快捷。     

Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

极小种群野生植物八蕊单室茱萸的种群状况研究

八蕊单室茱萸为云南省特有的极小种群野生植物和濒危物种。通过查阅相关文献并结合访问调查,确定八蕊单室茱萸可能分布的区域,开展种群资源调查。结果显示:八蕊单室茱萸目前仅在普洱市和西双版纳州有10个天然种群,其种群规模已低于最小可存活种群,属极小种群野生植物和濒危物种,亟需开展保护工作。生境破坏和生境片段化是导致八蕊单室茱单室茱萸濒危的人为因素。提出收集种质资源、营建和管护近地保护种群、建立迁地和回归种群等保育建议。     

Rapid mapping of candidate genes for cold tolerance in Oryza rufipogon Griff. by QTL-seq of seedlings

Cold stress is a major problem in rice production. To rapidly identify genes for cold tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice(DWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.), sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis of QTL-seq method was used to resequence the extremely resistant(R) and susceptible(S) bulks of a backcross inbred lines(BILs) population(derived from Oryza sativa×O. rufipogon) and their parents. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)-index graphs and corresponding Δ(SNPindex) graphs(at 99 and 95% confidence levels) for R-and S-bulks detected a total of 2 609 candidate SNPs, including 58 candidate cold-tolerance genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that 5 out of the 58 candidate genes had significant differences in expression between O. sativa and O. rufipogon. Structural variation and functional annotations of the 5 candidate genes were also analyzed, and allowed us to identify 2 insertion-deletion(InDel) markers(12-7 and 12-16) that were linked with candidate genes on chromosome 12 in DWR. These results are helpful for cloning and using cold tolerance genes from common wild rice in cultivated rice.     

艾纳香内生真菌抗细菌和炭疽菌的活性研究

为获得丰富的艾纳香内生真菌资源,筛选出抗性生防菌株,用于活性次生代谢产物的发现,通过水琼脂法对海南产艾纳香进行内生真菌分离,通过ITS序列分析,对其进行鉴定和分析。采用滤纸片法评价内生真菌发酵产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用平板对峙培养法评价艾纳香内生真菌对植物炭疽菌的拮抗作用。本研究共分离鉴定出191株内生真菌,分属于27属,45种,其中优势菌属为Diaporthe、Paraphoma、Ectophoma、Penicillium、Talaromyces、Hypoxylon、Phomopsis、Colletotrichum和Fusarium。抗细菌活性结果显示,Clonostachys、Fusarium和Diapothe属活性较强。抗炭疽病菌试验显示,Talaromyces、Ectophoma和Penicillium属活性较强。本研究初步探讨了海南产艾纳香内生真菌种类的多样性,并首次对其进行了抗病原菌活性筛查,获得的活性菌株可作为微生物源菌剂开发的重要材料。     

A survey of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan

We examined the antimicrobial susceptibility of 848 Escherichia coli isolates from 237 feces samples of wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) captured between 2016 and 2019 in 39 of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Five of the 237 wild sika deer (2.1%) carried E. coli with resistance to at least one antimicrobial, and all the resistant isolates showed resistance to tetracycline. The resistant isolates contained antimicrobial resistance genes that were similar to those in E. coli derived from humans and farm animals. Although wild sika deer are not currently likely to be a source for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance in Japan, they can potentially mediate antimicrobial resistance spread by coming into contact with humans, animals, and their surroundings.     

Pseudorabies virus infection in hunting dogs in Oita,Japan: Report from a prefecture free from Aujeszky’s disease in domestic pigs

We isolated two pseudorabies virus (PRV) isolates (designated OT-1 and OT-2) from two hunting dogs exhibiting neurological manifestations after eating the flesh of wild boar hunted in Oita prefecture, Kyushu Island, Japan. The isolates corresponded to a previously reported PRV (MY-1 strain) isolated from a hunting dog in neighboring Miyazaki prefecture, and it clustered into genotype II based on the glycoprotein C sequence. Our results suggest that this common PRV strain may have been maintained in wild boars on Kyushu Island even though domestic pigs in this area have attained an Aujeszky’s disease-free status.