Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: Biochemical characterization of strain differences in Nile tilapia

Four African wild strains (Egypt, Ghana, Senegal and Kenya) and four established Asian farmed strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (popularly known in the Philippines as Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore and Israel) were analysed electrophoretically at 30 protein loci to estimate genetic differences among the strains. All strains shared alleles at 14 monomorphic and 16 variable loci. Among the African strains, characteristic allele frequency differences were observed at AAT-1 ^* 46 for Ghana and Senegal, ADH ^* 83 for Kenya, ADH ^* 120 for Senegal, G3PDH-2 ^* 300 for Egypt, IDDH ^* 67 for Senegal, sMDH-1 ^* 120 for Kenya and SOD ^* 150 for Senegal. Genetic distance values among the strains revealed a clustering of the farmed strains with Egypt and Ghana O. niloticus, a slight separation of the Senegal strain and a larger separation of the Kenya strain. This profile may reflect the origins of the few founder populations of this species previously introduced to Asia. It also confirms the wider genetic divergence of the Kenya strain (O. niloticus vulcani) from the others studied here, which are all O. n. niloticus. Observed heterozygosities of the strains ranged from 0.026 to 0.071, with the African wild strains the lower values (mean Ho = 0.036) and the farmed strains the higher ones (mean Ho = 0.056). The implications of these results to the ongoing tilapia genetic improvement programme in the Philippines are discussed.     

提取方法对黑木耳多糖提取效果的影响

以黑木耳为原料,研究缓冻-传统水提、超低温冻融-传统水提、缓冻-超声和超低温冻融-超声4种提取方法对多糖提取率的影响,并与传统水提法、超声法提取在提取效果和提取物表面形态上进行比较.试验结果表明,通过单因素试验分析,缓冻-传统水提法、超低温冻融-传统水提法、缓冻-超声法和超低温冻融-超声法的黑木耳多糖提取率分别为21.22％、23.60％、7.58％和7.71％,与传统水提法、超声法提取相比较,采用相同提取方法（传统水提）时,提取率为超低温冻融＞缓冻处理＞超声处理.采用扫描电镜对不同方法提取多糖后黑木耳残渣进行表面形态观察,结果表明,提取率更高的黑木耳组织受破坏程度更大,组织间的裂缝和孔隙增大,组织状态由团状变为片状,片状组织逐渐变薄变细碎,从而有利于多糖的溶出.     

天山野果林塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌的鉴定

为了解新疆天山野果林中塞威士苹果Malus sieversii与其林下伴生植物短距凤仙花Impatiens brachycentra两种植物叶斑病病原菌的多样性及同源性,采用组织分离法获得病原菌,基于rDNA-ITS序列构建系统发育树,并进行ITS序列BLAST同源性比对,对病原菌进行鉴定分类,并依据科赫氏法则测定致病性。结果显示,从新疆新源县天山野果林中的塞威士苹果及短距凤仙花病叶上共分离得到18株菌落形态各异的病原菌,分属于2属4种,绝大多数属于半知菌亚门。其中,链格孢属Alternaria sp.为塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌中的优势菌群。致病性测定结果显示,其中11株病原真菌对塞威士苹果具有致病性,7株病原真菌对短距凤仙花具有致病性;塞威士苹果所有的病原真菌对短距凤仙花均有致病性,而且短距凤仙花所有的病原真菌对塞威士苹果也有致病性。推测2种植物叶斑病可能由相同来源的病原真菌引发,短距凤仙花染病加剧了塞威士苹果叶斑病暴发,可能是野果林退化的重要原因。     

中华绒螯蟹养殖群体与野生群体的种群遗传学研究

研究旨在探究安徽中华绒螯蟹种质资源状况以及资源混杂程度,以期为中华绒螯蟹资源的科学保护、合理利用以及相关产业政策的制定提供理论依据。采集了中华绒螯蟹4个养殖群体和长江野生群体共170尾样本,基于线粒体分子标记,进行种群遗传学分析。结果表明,长江野生中华绒螯蟹遗传多样性低,盲目捕捞可能造成野生资源衰退。野生群体与养殖群体间未出现显著遗传分化,存在严重的种质混杂。研究探明了长江中华绒螯蟹的资源现状,为其科学的保护提供理论依据。     

中国黑木耳主要栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术对国内34个黑木耳主要栽培菌株进行酯酶同工酶分析,结果表明其酶带数一般为2~6条不等,其中在Rf为0.484处,34个菌株都有谱带出现,34个菌株之间的相似系数在0.143~1.000之间,应用NTSYS软件进行聚类分析结果表明,供试菌株在遗传相似水平为80%时可分六大类,并且根据酯酶同工酶图谱能对部分菌株进行初步鉴别。     

犬种布氏菌地方株的DNA中G Cmol%测定

首次利用热变性法对9株地方犬种布氏菌DNA的G C含量进行了测定,同时以2株国际标准株为对照。G C mol％值在56.6～58.4范围内,与文献报道的犬种布氏菌和我们所用的2株标准株所得的G C mol％值是一致的。各株菌经常规检定、噬菌体裂解试验、血清学检查所得的结果均符合于犬种布氏菌的特性。说明本试验测定的G C mol％值代表了犬种布氏菌的DNA分子结构比值。为我国地方菌种、特别是粗糙型布氏菌的检定提供了一个新的方法。此外,对传统的DNA提取法进行了改进,使之更便于本试验的要求。     

苏北麦田野燕麦与麦类作物生存竞争现象研究

对苏北麦田野燕麦（ＡｖｅｕａｆａｔｎａＬ．）与麦类作物生存竞争现象的观察结果表明，混生在一起的麦类作物与野燕麦，在初始群体基本相同的公平竞争条件下，麦类作物的生存竞争能力超过野燕麦，两者的生存有竞争现象自分蘖开始时已出现；随着生育进程的推移日趋尖锐，至拔节抽穗期达到高峰，麦类作物的相对竞争力在出苗分蘖期是野燕麦的１～２倍，返青拔期是野燕麦２～３倍，至抽穗成熟期达到３～４倍。作者还发现，麦类作物在种     

Gene flow from transgenic roundup-ready soybean to wild soybean

A study was conducted in the field of the Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu province from July 2000 to August 2003. The transgenic roundup-ready soybean was sown in the middle of the field in a circular manner for 5 circles, with the distance of 3 m, from one circle to another. Then the wild soybean was planted in plots as the rays of the circles in 8 directions （N, E, W, S, NE, NW, SE and SW）, spaced every 5 m until 50 m. Each plot comprised 25 plants. In the second year, the wild soybean seeds from the first year were planted in the field together with the original wild soybean as check. Before flowering time, high concentrations of roundups （about 4-5 times of the normal dose） were sprayed on the plants and the surviving plants were identified. The leaves were taken to the lab for DNA extraction to determine the unique DNA for roundup-ready soybean （CTAB method）. About 2% of the plants survived, but some leaves were yellow. One plant of wild soybean was found to have the roundup-ready gene from the original roundup-ready soybean. The other surviving wild soybeans should also had some fragments of the roundup tolerance gene. However, the DNA bands were not very clear in the PCR map.     

L-乳酸在湿木耳保鲜中的抑菌效果研究

[目的]探讨L-乳酸对湿木耳保鲜效果的影响,确定最优保鲜条件。[方法]以经处理的湿木耳在37℃下贮存7 d后细菌总数为试验指标,通过单因素试验,研究保鲜剂种类、L-乳酸浓度、灭菌温度和灭菌时间对湿木耳保鲜效果的影响。以L-乳酸浓度、灭菌温度和灭菌时间3个因素进行正交试验优选保鲜条件。[结果]双乙酸钠、山梨酸钾、L-乳酸3种保鲜剂对湿木耳均具有保鲜作用,其中以L-乳酸的保鲜效果最好,其保鲜效果随其浓度的升高而增强。正交试验表明,影响湿木耳保鲜效果的因素依次为：L-乳酸浓度〉灭菌温度〉灭菌时间;最适保鲜条件为：L-乳酸0.40%、灭菌温度80℃、灭菌时间4 min,此时细菌总数为950 cfu/g。[结论]L-乳酸完全能够对湿木耳进行合格、安全的保鲜。