覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶 光合特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征,在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以“陇中2号”为材料,研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培（BS）、地膜覆盖栽培 （PF）和无覆盖露地栽培（CK）3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明：与CK相比,BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率,且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK,而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应,生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO₂浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK,前者分别高出2.8%~8.2%和6.7%~11.3%,后者分别高出30.3%~44.8%和27.5%~39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前,BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR,降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率,2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数,提高了产量,较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率,促进干物质积累转运,从而达到增产的效果。     

水分处理对不同专用型小麦籽粒灌浆特征和产量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了不同水分处理(田间最大持水量的40%、60%和80%)对不同专用型小麦籽粒灌浆特征和产量的影响。结果表明,在各处理下不同专用型小麦籽粒灌浆过程呈“S”型变化趋势,并用三次多项式对其进行模拟,其中,不同专用型小麦籽粒灌浆特征参数受水分处理影响不同。当水分处理为田间最大持水量的40%时,提高(早)了豫麦34籽粒各项灌浆参数,提高了豫麦49灌浆速率和粒重,提早了最大灌浆速率出现时间,提高了豫麦50灌浆持续期和粒重;60%处理下增加了豫麦49灌浆持续期,提早了豫麦50最大灌浆速率出现时间;80%时增加了豫麦49有效灌浆持续期,提高了豫麦50的灌浆速率。同时,豫麦34和豫麦50粒重与各灌浆参数均呈正相关,但差异均不显著;豫麦49粒重与灌浆持续期呈显著负相关,与平均灌浆速率呈显著正相关。豫麦34产量在60%处理下最高,且差异达显著水平;豫麦49和豫麦50产量在80%处理下最高,且差异分别达显著和极显著水平。     

我国小麦白粉病大区流行的气候因素分析

通过对近年来我国小麦白粉病发生流行情况的分析,总结讨论了影响小麦白粉病流行的气温和降水量等气候因素,结果表明秋冬季及早春气温偏高、小麦生长后期气温偏低,对病害的流行有利;多雨尤其是黄淮海及其以北地区多雨,对病害的流行有利。反之则不利于病害的发生,流行程度将会减轻。     

Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update

Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.     

Multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua as natural‐product‐based herbicide leads

BACKGROUND: Fifteen novel derivatives of D‐DIBOA, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions C‐2 and N‐4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS) evaluated. This strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. An evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua is reported here. RESULTS: All compounds showed inhibition profiles on the two species Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and Avena fatua L. The most marked effects were caused by 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, 6F‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA, 6Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA and 6Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA. The IC₅₀ values for the systems Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa and Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum for all compounds were compared. The compound that showed the greatest selectivity for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa was 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, which was 15 times more selective than the commercial herbicide propanil (Cotanil‐35). With regard to the system Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum, the compounds that showed the highest selectivities were 8Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA. The results obtained for 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA are of great interest because of the high phytotoxicity to Avena fatua (IC₅₀ = 6 µM , r² = 0.9616). CONCLUSION: The in vitro phytotoxicity profiles and selectivities shown by the compounds described here make them candidates for higher‐level studies. 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli‐Oryza sativa and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for Avena fatua‐Triticum aestivum were the most interesting compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同小麦品种（系）对全蚀病的抗性鉴定与评价

本研究采用试管苗菌饼接种法对108个小麦品种(系)进行抗全蚀病鉴定和评价,评价指标以病情指数为主,株高、根干重和茎叶干重为辅.结果表明,供试108个小麦品种(系)中达到中抗水平的只有‘新农19’一个品种,占供试品种(系)的0.9％;感病品种有‘郑麦3596’、‘曌氏2010-06’和‘郑麦9023-9'等82个,占供试品种(系)的75.9％;高感品种有‘豫农211’、‘众麦2号’和‘豫麦49’等25个,占供试品种(系)的23.2％.在3个辅助评价指标中,株高、根干重、茎叶干重都与抗性程度成显著正相关,其中以茎叶干重为最佳辅助指标.     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响

以周麦23为供试材料,采用裂区设计的大田试验研究了关中地区秸秆还田配施不同氮肥水平对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响。结果表明：相较于单施氮肥处理,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理冬小麦产量在低施氮量处理时有降低的趋势,在高施氮量处理时有增加的趋势,但两者间的差异不显著;秸秆还田配施氮肥能有效提高冬小麦的氮素利用效率,冬小麦的氮肥表观利用率提高了1．6％～9．1％;秸秆还田措施配施适量的氮肥有降低冬小麦百公斤籽粒需氮量的趋势。综合考虑到生产成本及潜在环境污染的可能性因素,在秸秆还田条件下,试验地区冬小麦施氮量以252～321 kg·hm-2为宜。     

麦拌灵(30%甲柳·酮乳油)防治小麦地下害虫及苗期病虫害田间药效试验

田间试验表明麦拌灵（３０％ 甲柳·酮乳油） 对麦田地下害虫和苗期病虫害（麦蚜、白粉病） 均有较好的防治效果, 最佳拌种量１．０ｍＬ／ｋｇ 干种子,对以上防效分别为９２．９８％ 、６８．０５％ 、７６．８０％ 。     

山东省小麦根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定

为明确山东省小麦根腐病的病原菌种类,于2012—2014年从山东省10个地市采集小麦病株,通过组织分离法获得了185株分离物,利用形态学鉴定方法,结合基于5.8S r DNA-ITS序列或TEF-1α基因序列分析的分子鉴定方法对分离物进行了鉴定。结果表明:分离物中共得到135株麦根腐平脐蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,占分离病原菌总数的72.97%,属优势种群;50株镰孢属Fusarium菌株,其中14株尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum、19株层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum和17株黄色镰孢菌Fusarium culmorum;按照柯赫氏法则进行致病性测定,证实了4种病原菌对鲁麦21号具有致病性,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的致病力较强,病情指数显著高于镰孢菌属真菌。研究表明,山东小麦根腐病主要是由麦根腐平脐蠕孢和镰孢属真菌侵染引起的,麦根腐平脐蠕孢为优势菌群。     

Soil solarization as a substitute for methyl bromide fumigation in greenhouse tomato production in Cyprus

Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) is presently standard practice in greenhouse tomato production. Since this compound is scheduled to be phased out by 2005, the possibility of using solarization as an alternative soil disinfestation method was examined in four greenhouse tomato trials. Solarization was applied for 8 weeks in July-August, using transparent polyethylene sheets for soil mulching, and compared with MB fumigation applied in September, before planting, at 80 g/m². Solarization raised the maximum soil temperature by 9°C and reduced the population density ofFusarium spp. in soil by 91–98%. Similar reductions of soil inoculum (95–99%) were obtained with MB fumigation. Both methods provided effective control of Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt and corky root rot on tomato plants. MB fumigation was in addition highly effective against root-knot nematodes, whereas nematode control with solarization did not exceed 50%. Both treatments resulted in similar fruit yield increases, ranging within 90–140% compared with plants grown in untreated soil. During the second cropping season following soil treatment, solarization exhibited two times higher residual effectiveness against vascular wilt diseases compared with MB fumigation. The latter treatment, however, was superior to solarization in its residual effectiveness against root-knot nematodes and to a lesser extent against corky root rot. Fruit yields from solarized and MB-fumigated soil during the second cropping season were higher than those obtained from untreated soil by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively. In Cyprus, solarization appears to be an effective alternative to MB fumigation in greenhouse tomato production, especially if integrated with other approaches enabling more effective nematode control.