Seedling emergence,coleoptile length,and plant height relationships in crosses of dwarf and standard-height wheats

Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F₂ and F₃, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F₂ coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F₂ plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F₃ lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.     

Hybrid grass-clump dwarfness in wheat: Physiology and genetics

Summary The growth of all grass-clump dwarfs is sensitive to temperature with low temperature giving rise to the grass-clump phenotype and high temperature producing normal phenotype. A continuous temperature of 26°C is required for normal growth of Type 1 dwarfs, a continuous temperature of 21°C is required for normal growth of Ty[e 2 dwarfs and a continuous temperature of 16°C is required for normal growth of Type 3 dwarfs.Genetic studies show that the inheritance of the grass-clump characteristic is due to three complementary dominant genes.The grass-clump growth habit is produced as a result of the temperature sensitivity of the apical meristem. In grass-clump plants low temperature treatment results in the cessation of cell division, DNA synthesis and phospholipid synthesis in the apical meristem. The primary temperature lesion has not been identified. Prolonged low temperature treatment of grass-clump plants results in extensive cell necrosis in a region just below the apical meristem; this cell death results in the permanent inactivation of the apical meristem.Supported in part by the National Research Council of Canada.     

Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviation of Adverse Impacts of Salinity on Wheat Grown on Different Soils

Fertilization management is an important technique to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity stress on plants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative role of inorganic phosphorus (P) and organic P sources on wheat grown under salt stress in three soil types deficient in available P. Wheat (Triticum asetivum L. cv. Shakha 93) was grown on alluvial, sandy, and calcareous soils under salinity levels of 4, 8, and 12 dS m^?1 of saturated paste extract (EC_e) and supplied with constant rate of 30 mg P₂O₅ kg soil^?1 as superphosphate (SP), cattle manure (CM), and 1:1 mixture of SP and CM. The results revealed that plants grown on the sandy soil were more susceptible to the adverse effects of salinity compared with those planted on the alluvial one, especially at zero P. Plants grown on the calcareous soil were moderately affected. Varying soil type caused significant differences in the aboveground biomass and uptake of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), P, and zinc (Zn). It was obvious that P ameliorated wheat growth under salt stress, and this role was greater under moderate and high salinity. The increases in N, P, K, and Zn uptake appeared driven by P application were more conspicuous in the sandy and calcareous soils. Results also indicated that combined application of inorganic and organic P sources surpassed both when applied solely under all soil types and salinity levels.     

麦秸还田及水稻氮肥配施技术研究

通过麦秸直接还田和水稻氮肥配施技术的研究表明 :经过三熟作物秸秆连续还田 ,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾显著地增加 ;秸秆全量还田 ,水稻产量随秸秆还田量增加而提高 ,秸秆还田量 5 4 0 0 kg/ hm2 的产量比不还田的增产 6 .6 % ;全生育期氮肥配比以前∶中∶后期为 6 .5∶0 .5∶ 3为最佳。     

Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat

Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (Felix 3B, Clement B and Betuwe 85C) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.     

The association of genes for purple coleoptile with chromosomes of the wheat variety Mironovskaya 808

Summary The association of genes for purple pigment in the coleoptile with the chromosomes of the winter wheat variety Mironovskaya 808 was investigated using monosomic F₂ analysis. The segregation ratio for F₂ hybrids of Chinese Spring monosomics x Mironovskya 808 seems to indicate that the purple colour of the coleoptile is determined by two dominant genes, Rc₃ and Rc₄, which are located on the chromosomes 7D and 6B respectively, and which reinforce each other. Apart from these two genes, suppressors found on the chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B and 6A also play a role in the intensity of the purple colour.With the aid of a Chinese Spring telocentric chromosome marker it was observed that the Rc₃ gene is located on the chromosome arm 7DS, at a distance of 16±4.23 crossover units from the centromere.     

长安区不同性质土层CO2释放规律研究

通过对长安双竹村夏、秋季不同性质土层CO2释放量的测定,本文研究了不同性质土层CO2释放规律及其差异。资料表明,从当日早晨到次日早晨,不同性质土层土壤CO2释放量均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;土壤CO2释放量与土层性质有密切关系,马兰黄土土层CO2释放量最高,其次是黏性土,释放量最低的是含砾石中细砂土;土层CO2释放量变化与气温的变化呈现负相关。     

Effects of main cereal type and feed form on production performance,egg quality and egg sanitary indices of laying hens

ABSTRACT

1. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cereal types (maize or wheat) and feed forms (pelleted or mash feed) on production performance, egg quality and egg sanitary indices in laying hens.

2. Three hundred and sixty hens (Jinghong No. 1) at 18 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four treatments with six replicates of 15 hens per replicate according to a 2 × 2 factorial design with two cereal types (maize or wheat) and two feed forms (pelleted or mash feed).

3. Compared with the wheat-based diet, the maize-based diet improved (P < 0.05) average egg weight of laying hens. Yolk colour of hens fed with the maize-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) in comparison to those fed the wheat-based diet, while Haugh units were lower (P < 0.05) for the maize-based treatment. Egg mass and average daily feed intake of hens fed the pelleted diet were higher (P < 0.05) than of those fed the mash diet. However, the mash diet improved (P < 0.05) yolk colour compared with the pelleted diet. The percentage of dirty eggs for the wheat-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) than for the maize-based diet. The percentage of dirty eggs was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed the pelleted diet compared with those fed the mash diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between cereal type and feed form, with regard to average egg weight and shell thickness.

4. In conclusion, dietary cereal type affected average egg weight, yolk colour and Haugh units in eggs, while feed form influenced egg mass, average daily feed intake and yolk colour.     

广东水禽源大肠埃希菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类耐药基因研究

为了调查广东地区水禽源大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类药物耐药现状和耐药基因的流行情况,探索大肠埃希菌的氨基糖苷类耐药基因型与耐药表型之间的关系,本研究采用琼脂梯度稀释法测定251株广东地区水禽源大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药性和采用PCR方法检测耐药基因。药敏试验结果显示,大肠埃希菌对链霉素耐药较严重,鸭源和鹅源的耐药率分别为81.58%和75.43%,对庆大霉素和卡那霉素较敏感,耐药率分别为25%和54.86%,对阿米卡星最为敏感,其中鸭源的菌株耐药率仅为1.32%。PCR方法检测显示,aadA1和aph(3′)-1检出率较高,为84.6%和91.9%,表明携带aadA1和aph(3′)-1耐药基因的水禽源大肠埃希菌在广东地区呈流行趋势。耐药基因型与耐药表型相关性分析结果显示,耐药基因rmtB的携带与4种药物(庆大霉素、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和壮观霉素)耐药株的产生具有显著相关性,表明耐药基因rmtB对大肠埃希菌耐药株的产生起重要的作用。本试验结果可为指导广东地区水禽大肠埃希菌病的临床用药提供理论基础和研究大肠埃希菌的耐药基因提供相关的数据。     

德美与中美〖HTSS〗（新疆型）〖HTH〗杂交后代体尺体重变化

德国美利奴是肉毛兼用细毛羊,原产德国,对于干旱地区有较好的适应性。该羊具有生长发育快、适应性强、产肉性能好和繁殖率高的特点。本次试验研究的主要内容是中国美利奴羊（新疆型）在导入德国肉用美利奴羊血液后,其后裔(周岁公羊)在体重体尺方面的变化情况。根据试验测得的数据,经统计分析结果表明：杂交一代与中国美利奴（新疆型）相比,在各阶段平均体重均得到提高,提高范围0.07~2.1 kg。杂交二代各阶段平均体重与中国美利奴（新疆型）相比,其提高幅度大于杂交一代。在体尺上杂交一代在胸深、胸围、胸宽、十字部宽上均表现了较高的杂交优势,在体尺大小上得到了很大提高。为体重增加、产肉性能的提高提供了良好的潜在条件。杂交二代在各体尺指标上没有增加（除前肢高）,同杂交一代相比具有降低趋势。所以杂交一代是我们需要的经济类型。引进德国美利奴有利于提高中国美利奴（新疆型）的产肉性能,它是提高新疆细毛羊毛肉综合性能较为理想的父本品种。