20%多效唑·甲哌Wong微乳剂防止小麦倒伏和增产机理研究

冬小麦二棱期喷施植物生长调节剂20%多效唑·甲哌鎓微乳剂375 mL/hm2,可以显著抑制茎秆基部节间伸长,增加各节间充实度,其中赤霉素(Gas)和生长素(IAA)降低,可显著增强小麦抗倒伏能力和降低田间倒伏率.处理还协调了穗数、穗粒数和粒重的关系,增产幅度6.2%～28.6%.增产原因可能在于促进籽粒灌浆强,增加籽粒中内源Gas、IAA、细胞分裂素(CTKs)的水平,增强了籽粒库活性,同时促进茎叶中干物质向籽粒运转.     

细胞骨架解聚药物对小麦与叶锈菌互作诱发的细胞过敏性反应的影响

 小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种洛夫林10和叶锈菌小种366组成不亲和组合,小麦叶片发生过敏性坏死反应(HR)是小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染的重要因素。在接种前给小麦叶片分别预注射微管解聚药物磺草硝(oryzalin)和微丝解聚药物细胞松弛素D (cytochalasin D,CD),结果表明2种药物注射使得寄主因叶锈菌侵染诱导的细胞过敏性坏死数目明显减少,并且注射药物的浓度越大,寄主细胞发生HR的数量越少。说明肌动蛋白和微管蛋白的聚合状态是诱发小麦叶片发生HR防卫反应所必需的,细胞骨架在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染过程中可能起着重要作用。     

Development and fecundity ofSitobion avenae on some wheat cultivars under laboratory conditions

Nymphal development time and fecundity ofSitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were determined on nine widespread wheat varieties cultivated in Tekirdağ Region in Turkey. Tests were carried out in controlled environment chambers (25±1°C, 65±5% r.h.; 16:8, L:D). Development time (±S.E.) ranged from 5.75±0.25 to 7.20±0.20 days. Fecundity per female ofS. avenae was found to be the highest (12.87±1.50) on wheat cv. ‘Sana’. In this investigation cvs. ‘MV-17’, ‘Miryana’, ‘Pehlivan’ and ‘Saraybosna’ were particularly resistant againstS. avenae. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 8, 2002.     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

Effect of take-all root infections on nitrate uptake in winter wheat

The effect of take-all root lesions on nitrate uptake of wheat was investigated in two experiments under controlled conditions. Plants were supplied with a nutrient solution labelled with ¹⁵N during stem elongation and flowering to assess the distribution of the isotopic tracer in the different plant organs, and particularly in root segments located on both sides of take-all lesions. The ¹⁵N atom percentage excess measured in root segments located below lesions longer than 1 cm was reduced on average by half compared with that in healthy roots and root segments above lesions, reflecting a reduction in nitrogen uptake by these root segments. This reduction probably resulted from the invasion and breakdown of phloem vessels by the fungus hyphae, interrupting energy supply and thus the uptake process. Severely infected plants showed an increase in the uptake rate per unit of efficient root, which appeared to be a compensatory response to reduction of efficient root biomass in order to satisfy shoot nitrogen demand. However, this compensatory response was insufficient to ensure nitrogen accumulation equivalent to that of healthy plants, as reductions in nitrogen accumulated in roots and aerial parts at flowering were up to 56 and 49%, respectively, for plants with more than 50% of the root system below lesions longer than 1 cm.     

小麦高温抗条锈性的组织病理学和超微结构变化

为了进一步弄清高温抗条锈病的抗性机制，利用荧光显微技术和电镜技术研究了高温抗条锈性品种小偃6号的组织病理学特征和超微结构变化。结果表明：在高温抗条锈性表达时，病斑周围寄主细胞发生坏死和木质化，在高温处理24h，坏死细胞和木质化细胞数分别为初期的17．1和23．8倍。从超微结构观察，在高温抗条锈性表达时，侵染点附近寄主细胞壁表面凹凸不平、粗糙，细胞壁的厚度也较健康细胞厚。之后，细胞内的细胞器消解，仅有沿细胞壁分布的原生质和残存的一些颗粒状物质。     

甘肃陇南小麦不同品种类型抗条锈性变化特点分析

 1973~2002年的30年间,在我国小麦条锈病常发易变区的陇南,对小麦主要生产品种的抗条锈性变化动态进行了系统的观察,选择具垂直抗性、慢条锈性、高温抗性和持久抗性等不同类型的7个品种的观测数据进行了分析,认为里勃留拉和N.斯特拉姆潘列长期保持了稳定的抗锈性。里勃留拉的抗性可能由多对微效基因控制,N.斯特拉姆潘列的抗性可能由主效基因控制,兰天12号所具有的慢锈性和兰天1号的高温抗性以及抗条锈基因的合理布局对延长品种抗性也有一定作用。     

小麦化感作用物的提取,分离及其对白茅的杀除效果

小麦颖壳提取物经3520树脂分离后,对所得甲醇洗脱物离心,分得油类似物、上清液及沉淀物。前两个组分在300mg/L的浓度下,对白茅生长抑制率分别为100％和98％。上清液经硅胶柱分离,得7个亚组分,其中第1、3和7号亚组分在500mg/L浓度下对白茅生长的抑制率分别为95％、91％和95％。第3亚组分经葡聚糖凝胶柱分离,又分得A、B、C 3个组分,褐色粉末状的B组分在1000mg/L浓度下使白茅的生长量下降81％。从而证明小麦颖壳对白茅的化感作用是由多个化感物共同作用的结果。室内和温室及大田的测定结果表明,小麦颖壳中的甲醇洗脱物在24mg/株的剂量下对白茅生长的抑制率可达90％以上。这暗示,小麦颖壳中的甲醇可溶物可望开发成为防治白茅的生物除草剂。     

云南省稻瘟病,小麦锈病预测专家系统

基于稻瘟病、小麦锈病预测领域专家知识,以及借助模式识别势函数法实现的自学习、自提取的知识,采用正向和反向精确推理控制策略,首次建立云南省水稻穗瘟病、小麦条锈病预测专家系统,1994～1995年预测结果与实际情况基本一致。系统创造性地采用全屏幕编辑树图的知识输入法和森林表示技术对知识库进行管理,便于知识库的扩充和维护。推理结果、推理路径及知识查询以彩色图形方式显示,对于学习领域专家的实践经验具有独特优点。     

春麦田除草剂的应用与杂草群落演替

作者采用定点定位试验,对春麦田除草剂应用与杂草群落演替趋势进行研究。结果表明:在杂草群落多样性麦田,小麦连作并分别连续5年施用同一种除草剂,原杂草群落中占优势的靶标杂草得以控制,而非靶标杂草和抗、耐药性杂草因失去竞争和制约对象而猖獗发展,发生量较原来增加几倍至几十倍,并形成优势种群,对小麦造成新的更严重的危害。一种除草剂在同田块连续施用4年,由于杂草群落演替,抗、耐药杂草兴起,除草效果显著下降而失去其使用意义。作者提出除草剂配套使用、轮用、混用等措施,并配合以合理的轮作制度,以减轻杂草群落长期受到单一的定向选择性压力。