转反义PLDγ基因小麦的品质性状分析

利用穗茎注射法将反义PLDγ基因导入普通小麦兰考906,对经特异PCR扩增和PCR—Southern杂交技术筛选出的转基因植株及其受体进行了品质性状分析。麦谷蛋白电泳结果显示,转基因株系的HMW—GS亚基组成发生了变化,转基因株系缺少了受体的10亚基,新出现了受体所没有的8和12亚基。醇溶蛋白电泳结果显示,转基因株系与受体相比存在显著差异,主要体现在转基因后代中出现了新带或者缺少了受体的部分谱带及表达量的差异。转基因株系的品质性状有所改善,其幅度大小因转化株系的不同而异。     

播种方式和种植密度对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响

为探究播种方式和种植密度对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响,以新冬22号为材料,采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区设条播（DR）和匀播（UN）2种播种方式,副区设150万粒·hm^-2（D150）、225 万粒·hm^-2（D225）、300万粒·hm^-2（D300）和375万粒·hm^-2（D375）4种种植密度,比较分析了不同播种方式和种植密度下冬小麦根系形态特征、根系伤流量和产量的差异。结果表明,随种植密度的增加,小麦总根干重、总根长呈先增后减趋势,单株次生根数、根系伤流量呈减小趋势。与条播相比,匀播下小麦总根干重、总根长显著增加,差异主要在0~30 cm土层;单株次生根数、根系伤流量增加,差异主要在生育中后期;产量显著提高（增幅9.89%）,其中以D225处理最大。综上,匀播能够促进小麦根系的生长,提高根系活性,有利于高产;在本试验条件下匀播小麦以225万粒·hm^-2种植密度最佳。     

利用小麦660K SNP芯片分析川麦44在其衍生后代中的遗传贡献

为明确小麦骨干亲本川麦44的遗传特性,利用小麦660K SNP芯片对川麦44及其衍生品种进行解析。结果表明,川麦44在6个衍生品种中的遗传贡献率为23.77%～72.63%,平均为48.58%,衍生品种存在遗传偏亲现象。川麦44特异性标记在不同染色体和染色体组中分布不均匀,衍生品种中特异性标记数具有B染色体组A染色体组D染色体组的共同特征。在除1B和6A外的染色体上,共筛选出52个川麦44高遗传率片段,片段长度为0.10～76.20 Mb,其中5B上的片段数量最多,累计长度最大。本研究结果为进一步明确骨干亲本川麦44的重要基因组区段及其功能奠定了基础。     

甘肃冬小麦品种品质性状分析与评价

为了全面掌握甘肃冬小麦的品质状况,以甘肃省冬小麦主产区100个小麦品种(系)为供试材料,采用AACC国标分析方法对其籽粒蛋白质品质、磨粉品质及面团流变学特性进行检测和分析。结果表明,甘肃冬小麦品种具有较高的蛋白质、湿面筋含量和吸水率,但面筋强度较低,形成时间、稳定时间较短,最大抗延阻力和拉伸面积较小,加工品质与国内主产麦区存在一定的差距,商品率低。甘肃冬小麦品种整体以中筋小麦为主。建议在今后育种过程中加强对品质性状的选择,以进一步提升小麦品种质量水平。     

Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding

More than half of the world's population suffers micronutrient undernourishment. The main sources of vitamins and minerals (iron, zinc, and vitamin A) for low-income rural and urban populations are staple foods of plant origin that often contain low levels or low bioavailability of these micronutrients. Biofortification aims to develop micronutrient-enhanced crop varieties through conventional plant breeding. HarvestPlus, the CGIAR's biofortification initiative, seeks to breed and disseminate crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content that can improve the nutrition of the “hard to reach” (by fortification or supplementation programmes) rural and urban poor in targeted countries/regions. In attempting to enhance micronutrient levels in maize and wheat through conventional plant breeding, it is important to identify genetic resources with high levels of the targeted micronutrients, to consider the heritability of the targeted traits, to explore the availability of high throughput screening tools and to gain a better understanding of genotype by environment interactions. Biofortified maize and wheat varieties must have the trait combinations which encourage adoption such as high yield potential, disease resistance, and consumer acceptability. When defining breeding strategies and targeting micronutrient levels, researchers need to consider the desired micronutrient increases, food intake and retention and bioavailability as they relate to food processing, anti-nutritional factors and promoters. Finally, ex ante studies are required to quantify the burden of micronutrient deficiency and the potential of biofortification to achieve a significant improvement in human micronutrient status in the deficient target population in order to determine whether a biofortification program is cost-effective.     

低温和诱导时间对小麦小孢子培养的影响

为了优化小麦小孢子培养体系,研究了低温处理花药、幼穗及诱导培养时间对小孢子形态、胚胎发生和植株再生的影响。结果表明,经低温处理后,有活力的小孢子体积增大、形态变化明显,据其液泡大小、数目及其与细胞核位置的关系,可分为4种类型。低温处理可显著提高胚状体数和绿苗数,其中处理花药3 d、幼穗7 d的效果最好,平均每皿的绿苗数分别为59株和57株。胚状体发育速度显著影响绿苗分化能力,小孢子诱导培养28-29 d、直径约2 mm的胚状体数目较少,但绿苗分化率高;诱导培养32-38 d、直径为2 mm的胚状体数目达到了峰值,而绿苗分化率极低。在小麦小孢子培养中,应选择诱导28-29 d、直径2 mm的胚状体进行分化培养。     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...     

Influence of root restriction on two cultivars of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Variable root restricting conditions were imposed on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars ‘Senator’ and Dixie’ using container sizes of 0.35, 2.00, and 7.60 liters. Nondestructive and destructive plant sampling were conducted to evaluate leaf area production, dry weight accumulation and partitioning, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate, and flower and fruit development. Within 10 days after transplanting (DAT), ‘Senator’ exhibited declining leaf area production under increased root restriction, and within 17 DAT leaf area was diminished for both cultivars under increased root restricting conditions. Dry weight accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and fruit was reduced for both cultivars over time and level of root restriction severity. There was a tendency for greater vegetative growth reductions with ‘Senator’ than with ‘Dixie’ at comparable levels of root restriction. Root‐to‐shoot ratio, timing and duration of flowering, and sex of flowers were not significantly impacted by root restriction level or cultivar. Fruit dry weight was greatest for Dixie’ early on, but by 28 DAT, total fruit dry weight produced did not differ for the cultivars except under the most severe root restricting conditions. Fruit dry weight production was limited for both cultivars as container volume became smaller.     

河南省成土母质与土壤空间分布多样性的特征

成土母质作为土壤发育的主要形成因素,二者间的关系密切。选取河南省作为研究区,从多样性的角度运用经典的仙农熵测度方法分析成土母质和土壤要素的构成组分多样性、不同母质基础上各土壤分类级别的多样性特征,并运用改进的仙农熵公式研究5 km×5 km网格尺度下不同成土母质对土类空间分布离散程度的影响及不同成土母质和土壤的空间分布多样性特征和相关性。结果表明:(1)成土母质类型虽少,但其构成组分多样性高于土类,这与二者分类系统的分支率有关;(2)6类母质类型中,残积、坡积物母质面积最大且发育土壤类型最为复杂;15种土壤类型与6类母质之间的关系有一对多、一对一和多对一3种类型;(3)不同母质上发育的土类的空间分布离散性程度不同,残积、坡积物母质上分布的优势土类为粗骨土,河流冲积物和河湖相沉积物母质上的优势土类分别是潮土和砂姜黑土,洪积物和黄土与红土母质上发育较好的两种土类为黄褐土和褐土,风积物母质上仅发育了风砂土一种土类;(4)潮土和河流冲积物母质分别是是河南省面积最大、空间分布多样性值最高的土类类型和成土母质类型,且成土母质与土类空间分布多样性间存在不同程度的相关性。综上,河南省的6大类成土母质与15种土类的构成组分多样性和空间分布离散性程度存在差异,且二者的空间分布多样性间存在一定的相关性。     

不同尺寸蒸渗仪测定作物蒸散的田间试验研究

称重式蒸渗仪测定作物蒸散量（ET）是公认的一种标准测定方法。大型称重式蒸渗仪因单点独立安装而无法进行不同处理的重复试验,小型蒸渗仪则可解决该问题,但目前对于小尺寸蒸渗仪的适用性尚无统一结论。本文利用1m2（SL）、2m2（ML）和4m2（LL）3种不同面积的蒸渗仪在冬小麦（2012年11月21日播种,2013年6月20日收获）和水稻（2013年6月22日移栽,2013年10月28日收获）整个生长季进行连续蒸散量观测,筛选无有效降水日的数据进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）在冬小麦和水稻生长季内,SL（小）蒸渗仪所测蒸散量日内变化均表现出较大的变化幅度,ML（中）蒸渗仪所测蒸散量日内变化趋势均与LL（大）蒸渗仪所测一致,日内变化比较平稳;（2）ML蒸渗仪所测日蒸散量与LL所测结果的相关性最好（P<0.01）;（3）SL蒸渗仪所测水稻日平均蒸散量和蒸散总量与LL接近,所以可将SL蒸渗仪替代LL测定水稻日平均蒸散量和蒸散总量;ML所测冬小麦和水稻的日平均蒸散量及蒸散总量均比LL明显偏小,蒸散总量偏小主要由于拔节后较大的日蒸散量偏差导致。