基于遥感指标的6个世园公园热环境效应对比分析

依据文献和实地调研,借助于专业版的谷歌地球和太乐地图,人机交互勾绘获得6个世园公园（昆明、沈阳、台北、西安、青岛和唐山）的边界数据和鸟瞰图。以2015年或2016年夏季过境的Landsat卫星影像为数据源,运用ENVI软件计算出6个世园公园的NDVI、MNDWI、IBI和LST,以降温距离和冷岛强度衡量世园公园夏季降温效果,通过外部缓冲区距离梯度分析,初步确定了6个世园公园冷岛效应的有效距离。剖面分析与主成分分析表明6个世园公园均表现为LST与NDVI、MNDWI呈负相关,与IBI正相关;NDVI与IBI、MNDWI呈负相关,除西安、台北世园公园外,IBI与MNDWI之间为正相关。相关性分析表明,6个世园公园的降温距离、冷岛强度与其总面积、水体面积、绿地面积、边界长度和LSI呈正相关,与不透水面面积、SHEI呈负相关,该结果对热岛缓解型公共绿地的规划与建设,有一定的理论和实践启示。     

郑州贾鲁河源生态湿地公园建设构想

介绍了郑州贾鲁河源生态湿地公园得天独厚的湿地基础,通过对其基本情况的调查,人文信息的收集,结合水土保持学,景观等学科,提出郑州贾鲁河源生态湿地公园建设开发的构想。     

河口湿地生态环境需水量计算方法概述与应用实例

河口湿地的保护越来越受到重视,计算湿地的生态环境需水量就更加重要。介绍了河口湿地生态环境需水量的计算方法,并以双台子河口湿地为例计算了其最大、最适和最小生态环境需水量,对双台子河口湿地的生态保护和水资源规划起到一定的指导作用。     

城市公园植物秋季色彩特征的量化研究——以苏州市工业园区为例

色彩对人的记忆和情感产生最直接的影响,植物色彩是易被直观感受到的城市绿地重要元素之一,影响到城市绿地的受欢迎程度。选择苏州市工业园区的白鹭园、白塘生态植物园和中央公园3个城市公园的秋季植物景观为研究对象,对其植物色彩进行量化研究和分析。结果表明,在3个城市公园中,主要秋季色叶、花、果的园林植物共有135种,主色调Pantone值Pantone 9C-Pantone 10333C,共12个色系,其中植物主要的色系为黄绿色、黄色、橙黄色,分别占19.47%~37.14%、16.43%~23.92%、9.80%~19.47%;植物色彩的明度和饱和度8%～100%,多数为中、高明度和饱和度的植物;主要色彩变化趋向于变黄和变红,其最佳观赏期在10月26日至11月16日。以上研究结果为城市公园等绿地的植物景观色彩配置及物种选择提供理论参考。     

鄱阳湖流域典型湿地植物需水规律研究

湿地植被需水量是维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和湿地植被正常生长,保障湿地系统生态功能正常发挥所需的水量。选取鄱阳湖流域8种典型湿地植物:藜蒿、菖蒲、美人蕉、茭白、高秆灯芯草、西伯利亚鸢尾、白莲、莲藕,于2013年在江西省灌溉试验中心站人工湿地试验场开展试验,分析了不同湿地植物全生育期需水量及其生育阶段和日变化规律,得到不同湿地植物的作物系数。结果表明,在湿地植物需水高峰期的5-10月,8种湿地植被日均需水量变化范围为4.3~6.1mm,其中菖蒲最高为6.1mm,白莲最低为4.3mm。经测定,湿地日均渗漏量为1.3mm;全生育期湿地植被需水量变化范围为800~1 125.6mm,是平均值的0.86倍至1.21倍;8种湿地植物全生育期作物系数变化范围为1.8~2.4,其中菖蒲最高为2.4,白莲和莲藕最低为1.8,而藜蒿、高杆灯芯草和西伯利亚鸢尾的全生育期作物系数为2.0左右,对照处理作物系数保持在1.7。本文研究结果为鄱阳湖流域不同湿地植物需水规律分析及其计算提供了依据。     

城市湿地景观建设及其需水量研究——以郑州市为例

湿地是人类最重要的环境资本之一,也是自然界富有生物多样性和较高生产力的生态系统。随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市湿地资源的生态安全和自然格局受到了严重威胁。在众多的影响因素中,水作为湿地生态系统得以维系和发展的关键因子,起着决定性的作用。笔者针对城市湿地景观所面临的问题,以郑州市为例,计算了不同水平年维系城市湿地健康发展的最低需水量。并据此对城市湿地景观的保护和建设提出了合理化建议。     

亚热带湿润地区城市公园重建强度对其土壤酸化和土壤中重金属的影响

Soil quality is a major concern in the management of urban parks. In this study, the soils at 0–3, 3–13, and 13–23 cm depths were sampled from six urban parks, differing in reconstruction intensity(mainly changes made during conversion of natural forests into parklands), in the Pearl River Delta, China to determine how reconstruction intensity influenced the extent of acidification and heavy metal levels in the soils of urban parks in a humid subtropical environment. High reconstruction intensity(HRI) was practiced in three parks and low reconstruction intensity(LRI) in three other parks. The LRI soils were strongly to extremely acidic(with low exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K concentrations) while the HRI soils were much less acidic. Both total and extractable concentrations of soil heavy metals were related to the specific management practices and age of the park, but did not differ significantly between LRI and HRI parks or among soil depths. Soil p H was significantly related to soil exchangeable cation concentrations and base saturation but was weakly related or unrelated to soil heavy metal levels. Our results suggest that high intensity but not low intensity reconstruction significantly reduces the extent of soil acidification in the urban parks in a humid subtropical environment.     

Methane emissions from different vegetation zones in a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau wetland

We measured methane (CH₄) emissions in the Luanhaizi wetland, a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the plant growth season (early July to mid-September) in 2002. Our aim was to quantify the spatial and temporal variation of CH₄ flux and to elucidate key factors in this variation. Static chamber measurements of CH₄ flux were made in four vegetation zones along a gradient of water depth. There were three emergent-plant zones (Hippuris-dominated; Scirpus-dominated; and Carex-dominated) and one submerged-plant zone (Potamogeton-dominated). The smallest CH₄ flux (seasonal mean=33.1 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹) was observed in the Potamogeton-dominated zone, which occupied about 74% of the total area of the wetland. The greatest CH₄ flux (seasonal mean=214 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹) was observed in the Hippuris-dominated zone, in the second-deepest water area. CH₄ flux from three zones (excluding the Carex-dominated zone) showed a marked diurnal change and decreased dramatically under dark conditions. Light intensity had a major influence on the temporal variation in CH₄ flux, at least in three of the zones. Methane fluxes from all zones increased during the growing season with increasing aboveground biomass. CH₄ flux from the Scirpus-dominated zone was significantly lower than in the other emergent-plant zones despite the large biomass, because the root and rhizome intake ports for CH₄ transport in the dominant species were distributed in shallower and more oxidative soil than occupied in the other zones. Spatial and temporal variation in CH₄ flux from the alpine wetland was determined by the vegetation zone. Among the dominant species in each zone, there were variations in the density and biomass of shoots, gas-transport system, and root-rhizome architecture. The CH₄ flux from a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was as high as those of other boreal and alpine wetlands.     

某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的空间分布及来源分析

基于表层土壤重金属的实测含量,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的分布情况和来源进行分析。结果表明,再生铅工业园周边土壤中Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的几何平均含量分别为124.05、0.394、21.18、82.72、24.23、35.47、62.04 mg/kg。其中Pb、Cd、As分别是背景值的4.96、2.90、1.84倍,其余重金属元素含量与土壤背景值相当。重金属Pb、Cd在临近工业园区域含量较大,以工业园为中心呈岛状空间分布,且在工业园东部呈扩散趋势;As在周边农田中具有一定的累积量。来源分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd主要受工业园生产活动的影响,而As则可能受到农业生产活动的影响。     

七里海湿地植物种间关系的数量分析

在野外样方调查的基础上,采用χ2检验和Spearman秩相关分析方法,研究了七里海湿地40种主要植物,共780个种对间关联和相关关系。χ2检验结果有357个种对呈正相关,423个种对呈负相关;Spearman秩相关分析检验结果有356个种对呈正相关,有424个种对呈负相关。二者结果一致,与χ2检验相比,Spearman秩相关分析法更为灵敏。七里海湿地主要植物种具有显著相关性的种对数(279对)占总种对数(780对)的比例较低,为35.77%,说明大多数种间关系松散,种对间的独立性较强,植被可能处于退化状态。40个主要植物种可以划分为3个生态种组,各生态种组内的种有相似的资源利用方式和生态要求,各种组间有相互转化和演替的趋势。