我国桉树木材性质及其变异规律研究进展

概述了国内桉树木材解剖性质、物理力学性质、化学性质及其变异规律的研究现状,对桉树木材性质变异的影响因子及其材性遗传相关性研究进行了总结,最后分析其存在的问题,并展望了桉树材性遗传改良的研究前景。     

大花序桉种源间木材物理性质变异研究

以广西东门林场18年生的11个大花序桉(Eucalyptus cloeziana)种源木材为研究对象,对它们的木材基本密度、弦向干缩率、径向干缩率等物理性质进行了测定分析,发现不同种源间、相同种源不同树干高度间所测定的物理性质指标均存在显著的差异。木材基本密度最大的种源是B85,然后依次是D47、B82,其值分别是0.7530、0.7386、0.7274 g/cm3;参试的11个种源中有8个种源的差异干缩都小于1.5,属于差异干缩小的类型;只有14425、12195和B55这3个种源的差异干缩超过1.5,但小于1.6,属于差异干缩中等类型;种源的树高、胸径生长性状与木材基本密度、差异干缩、体积全干缩率物理性状相关关系不密切,据此分别对树高、胸径等生长性状和木材基本密度、干缩率等木材物理性状进行独立选择可望获得较好的生长、物理性状改良效果。     

酯化、醚化木材及其应用

通过适当的化学改性反应如酯化、醚化等,可以使木材转化为热塑性高分子材料。这些热塑性材料可单独或与合成高聚物按比例混合热压加工成型为各种板材或其他成型产品,这对扩大木材的加工利用途径、充分利用木材加工剩余物、提高木材利用率等都具有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了酯化、醚化木材的主要方法,产品的特点,以及今后木材及纤维素酯化、醚化的发展方向。     

金叶女贞嫩枝扦插生根效果的正交优化

采用L16(45)正交试验设计,研究了外源激素种类、激素浓度、枝条部位和浸泡时间对金叶女贞嫩枝插穗生根效果的影响。研究结果表明,外源激素种类(A)、激素浓度(B)、枝条部位(C)和处理时间(D)对金叶女贞嫩枝插穗根系效果指数的影响均达极显著水平,各因素对根系效果指数影响的主次顺序为枝条部位(C)>激素浓度(B)>处理时间(D)>激素种类(A)。以采用金叶女贞嫩枝枝条的中下部做插穗,经100 mg/L ABT2处理60 min生根效果为佳。其生根率为100%,插穗的平均根系数量为33.93条,平均根长为3.73 cm,根系效果指数为12.50。     

Leaf litter decomposition of dominant tree species of Namdapha National Park,Arunachal Pradesh,northeast India

Rates of weight loss and nutrient (N and P) release patterns were studied in the leaf litter of the dominant tree species (Ailanthus grandis, Altingia excelsa, Castanopsis indica, Duabanga sonneriatioides, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Mesua ferrea, Shorea assamica, Taluma hodgsonii, Terminalia myriocarpa and Vatica lancefolia) of a tropical wet evergreen forest of northeast India. Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization rate and decay pattern varied significantly from species to species. In general, the decay pattern, characterized by using a composite polynomial regression equation, exhibited three distinct phases of decay during litter decomposition—an initial slow decay phase (0.063% weight loss day⁻¹), followed by a rapid decay phase (0.494% weight loss day⁻¹) and a final slow decay phase (0.136% weight loss day⁻¹). The initial chemical composition of the litter affected decomposition rates and patterns. Species like D. sonneriatoides, D. binectariferum, and T. hodgsonii with higher N and P content, lower carbon and lignin content, and lower C:N ratio and lignin:N ratio exhibited relatively faster decomposition rates than the other species, for example M. ferrea, C. indica and A. grandis. A slow decay rate was recorded for species such as M. ferrea, C. indica, and A. grandis. The initial N and P content of litter showed significant positive correlations with decay rates. Carbon and lignin content, lignin:N, and C:N showed significant negative correlations with decay rates. Soil total N and P, and rainfall, soil temperature, and soil moisture had positive correlations with decay rates. The rapid decomposition rates observed in comparison with other different forest litter decay rates confirm that tropical wet evergreen forest species are characterized by faster decomposition rates, indicating a faster rate of organic matter turnover and rapid nutrient cycling.     

Carbon stocks and greenhouse gas balance of harvested wood products: focus on the Asia-Pacific Partnership countries vis-à-vis the European Union

With the analytical tool, Frankfurt Harvested Wood Products Model, FPM, the carbon stocks and carbon stock changes of Harvested Wood Products, HWP, either in USE or in LANDFILLS L-F, have been evaluated, each separately, from the readily available statistical data base of the FAO, FAOSTAT, on the wood commodities: “Sawnwood and Wood-based Panels, SWP” and the paper commodities, “Paper and Paperboard, PAP”. The focus was on the newly founded Asia-Pacific Partnership countries for Clean Development and Climate (in short AP6), including Canada, which wants to join the AP6, in relation to the countries of the European Union EU-25. It could be shown that the stocks and stock changes of the HWP in USE follow a simple algorithm of the annual consumption or production and their mean annual growth, for the categories SWP and PAP, provided the mean residence times of the HWP in USE can be estimated. With the information on the fraction of residues entering the landfills and their estimated residence times an equivalent simple expression has been derived for stocks and stock changes of the HWP in LANDFILLS L-F. Their values have been calculated to be approximately 0.5 to 0.7 times smaller than those of the HWP in USE. Still, all stock changes of the HWP in L-F were positive and thus accumulating carbon. However, when methane outgasing within the HWP in L-F had been considered, the calculated Greenhouse Gas Balance was zero or negative under the estimated parameters thus to at least partly compensate the positive storage of carbon in HWP in USE. The percentage of CO₂ removed by the HWP in USE in comparison to the annual greenhouse gas emissions varied from 0.3 to 1.7%, with a mean value of 0.8% for the AP6 countries including Canada, in contrast to 1.0% of the EU-25 countries. Despite of the relative small magnitude in relation to the total emission of all GHG this contribution should not be neglected in the GHG Budget of a country.     

Effect of thinning on the development of compression wood in stems of Corsican pine

This study considered the effects of thinning on the development of compression wood in stems of 35-year-old stand of Corsican pine (Pinus nigra L.). Part of the stand had been thinned at 5-yearly intervals and part left unthinned. Twenty trees each from the thinned and unthinned stands were randomly selected and felled. Measurements were made on tree height, stem diameter, stem slenderness and canopy depth. Wood samples were removed from the central part of the main log and cross-sectional measurements made on ring width, basic density and compression wood content. Cross-sectional area of compression wood was found to be three time higher in stems from the unthinned trees in comparison with those from the thinned trees. No significant differences in mean radial ring width or basic density were found between treatments. Correlations indicated that, with increasing in stem diameter, compression wood content increased in the unthinned trees, while a decline in compression was observed in the thinned trees. Tree height was also positively correlated with compression wood content in unthinned trees, while no equivalent relationship was observed in thinned trees. Observations from this study, while not conclusive, suggest that phototropic stimulus may be producing stem inclinations in the unthinned stand as trees compete for space in the canopy, whereas crown competition has been largely eliminated in the thinned stand; and that this is responsible for compression wood levels recorded in this study.     

不同倾斜角度对应力木生长应力、木材密度和干缩性质的影响

通过在安徽农业大学人工林场选取3年生马尾松实生苗和1年生杨树扦插苗进行栽培(其中马尾松杨树各60株,每12株为1组,共5组,每组对应1个角度,共5个角度0°、15°、30°、45°和60°),跟踪测定其生长应力指示值(growth stress indicator,简称GSI)、基本密度、干缩性质,并对它们的关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)杨树、马尾松GSI绝对值大小和倾斜角度呈显著正相关关系;(2)杨树、马尾松的基本密度和倾斜角度都呈显著正相关关系;(3)杨树、马尾松径向干缩率和倾斜角度关系不显著,杨树、马尾松轴向干缩和倾斜角度呈正相关关系,杨树弦向干缩和倾斜角度呈正相关关系,马尾松弦向干缩和倾斜角度呈负相关关系;(4)杨树应拉木区的弦向干缩大于对应拉木区,径向干缩变化不大;马尾松应压木区的弦向和径向干缩均小于对应压木区,应力木区的轴向干缩远大于对应力木区.     

法国实施"木材能源-碳汇"示范项目

法国木材干燥“能源-碳汇”项目提倡木材加工厂安装新的木材能源锅炉和干燥设备,利用木材加工过程中产生的加工剩余物作为能源(从而节约化石性能源),国家环境与能源署对于木材能源锅炉及设备进行直接补贴,补贴金额按照使用新设备后二氧化碳的减排量进行计算。该项目在碳排放计量认证和计量方法等方面作出了有益的探索。     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基与品质性状的关系

对2002年国家黄淮南片区试参试小麦品系的蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值和稳定时间等品质性状进行了测定,并运用SDS-PAGE分析了参试品系的高分子量(HMW)麦谷蛋白亚基组成及其与品质性状的关系。结果表明,在26个参试品系中,仅内乡188、郑农16达到强筋小麦标准;5+10亚基频率有所提高(53.8%),但具5+10亚基的品种间品质具有高度不稳定性,在品质改良中仅靠转育5+10亚基是不够的,要注重亚基组合的选育,其中以1,7+8,5+10和1,7+9,5+10亚基组合对品质的贡献最大,以14+15,5+10亚基组合对品质的贡献最小。