国审小麦新品种晋太170的选育实践与体会

晋太170是我国为数极少的通过国家审定、省级审定、跨区审定的小麦新品种,在产量、品质、抗病性、适应性等方面均有良好的表现。培育过程中采用了:①不断充实、提高基因库整体水平,引进分子生物学鉴定分析技术,聚合高产和优质基因,为提高选配杂交组合效率提供科学依据;②同一地点创造不同生境条件、不同生态条件多点鉴定的技术,促进人工选择与自然选择的统一,提高了选择效率;③坚持综合性状协调统一的观点。这些对提高小麦育种水平和效率均具有启示作用。     

Thermal,rheological properties and microstructure of hydrated gluten as influenced by antifreeze protein from oat (Avena sativa L.)

This study examined the thermal, rheological properties and microstructure of hydrated gluten as influenced by oat antifreeze protein (AsAFP). The thermal properties of fresh hydrated gluten, including the melting temperature, freezing temperature, freezable water content and glass transition temperature, were determined. For hydrated gluten samples after freeze-thaw treatment, the change in melting performance and freezable water content were analyzed. The results showed that the addition of AsAFP increased the glass transition temperature and decrease the melting enthalpy and freezable water content of fresh hydrated gluten. The supplementation of AsAFP also influenced the melting performance of hydrated gluten after freeze-thaw treatment. The rheological properties showed that the addition of AsAFP inhibited the deterioration of the rheological properties of hydrated gluten. The secondary structure of the gluten proteins changed significantly, α-helix decreased and β-sheet increased. The microstructure of the hydrated gluten demonstrated that supplementation with AsAFP may protect the gluten matrix from disruption during freeze-thaw cycles.     

Influence of replacing brewers' grains with green tea grounds on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics of wethers

An experiment was conducted to examine feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal fermentation and blood components of wethers fed diets containing increasing levels of wet green tea grounds (WGTG). The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with four wethers in four 15‐day periods. Wethers were allowed access to diets ad libitum, and allotted to one of four treatments in which WGTG replaced 0% (no WGTG added, CTG), 5% (low level, LBG), 10% (medium level, MTG), and 15% (high level, HTG) of total mixed ration (TMR) dry matter (DM) as wet brewers grains (WBG). All TMR silages were ensiled for 120 days and, irrespective of the WGTG addition, they were well preserved with a high lactic acid content, low pH and ammonia‐N contents. There were no differences among treatments in feed intake, with the exception of ether extract intake (P = 0.032). Digestibilities for LTG and MTG treatments were not different from CTG. However, the organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and energy digestibilities for HTG treatment were lower than the CTG (P < 0.05). As the level of WGTG increased, nitrogen intake did not differ, but fecal nitrogen increased (P = 0.002), while urinary nitrogen decreased (P < 0.001). No differences among treatments were found in pH level and volatile fatty acids concentrations. However, the ruminal ammonia‐N of the HTG silage was lower than for the CTG silage at all times (P < 0.05). Increasing concentrations of WGTG in the TMR silage decreased (P = 0.019) plasma urea nitrogen content. Therefore, the possible mixing proportion of WGTG for TMR silages can be 10% of the diet DM.     

Agronomic evaluation of rice cultivation systems for water and grain productivity

Field experiments were conducted during summer (March–July) and kharif (June–September), 2008 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to study the performance of different rice cultivation methods on productivity and water usage using the hybrid CORH-3 as a test crop. Treatments consisted of different rice cultivation methods, namely, transplanted rice (conventional), direct sown rice (wet seeded), alternate wetting and drying method (AWD), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice cultivation. Results revealed that maximum number of tillers m^?2, higher shoot and root length at maturity were recorded under SRI followed by transplanted rice, while aerobic rice produced lower growth parameters in both the seasons. Chlorophyll content at flowering was higher under SRI in two seasons studied (42.74 and 39.48 SPAD value, respectively) and transplanted rice compared to aerobic rice and AWD. In both summer and kharif seasons, SRI produced higher grain yield (6014 and 6682 kg ha^?1), followed by transplanted rice (5732 and 6262 kg ha^?1), while the lowest grain yield (3582 and 3933 kg ha^?1) was recorded under aerobic rice cultivation. Under SRI, 5 and 6.7% increase in grain yield and 12.6 and 14.8% water saving were noticed compared to transplanted rice, respectively, during summer and kharif seasons. In respect to water productivity, the SRI method of rice cultivation registered the highest water productivity (0.43and 0.47 kg m^?3), followed by AWD and aerobic rice cultivation. The conventional rice cultivation and direct sown rice produced lower grain yield per unit quantity of water used.     

The content and quality of protein in winter wheat grains depending on sulphur fertilization

Abstract

On soils lacking in water-soluble sulphur, the sulphur fertilization of winter wheat, in general, increases the yields. There are not sufficient investigations about the influence of sulphur on the quality of yield. The objective of this work was to investigate the content and quality of protein in wheat grain depending on sulphur fertilization. The present study relies on field trials conducted on two different soils during 2004–2009. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied by a nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1. The rates of N- and NS-fertilizers were divided and applied at the beginning and at the end of tillering. At harvest, the grain samples from trial variants in four replications were taken, and the contents of crude protein, wet gluten, amino acids (lysine, threonine, cysteine, methionine) and gluten index in wheat grain were determined. Besides, the contents of amino acids were recalculated on their concentrations in protein. The protein and wet gluten contents in grain varied significantly depending on weather conditions of the trial years. On break-stony soil, sulphur increased the yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 21.7%. With increasing yields the protein and wet gluten concentrations in grain decreased. Under the influence of sulphur, the gluten index increased significantly – from 58 to 74, i.e. by 27.6%. In 2004 and 2005, sulphur increased the cysteine and methionine content in wheat grain. Although sulphur application in many cases decreased the protein and wet gluten contents in wheat grain, it improved the biological quality of protein because the concentrations of above-mentioned amino acids recalculated on their concentrations in protein increased significantly. The sulphur application in pseudopodzolic soil had a weaker effect on the grain quality than in break-stony soil.     

砂壤土磷肥施用量对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

在豫东平原速效磷含量偏低的砂壤土区,运用田间小区试验方法,探讨了磷肥施用量对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响.结果表明,适宜磷肥(P2O5)施用量为180kg/hm2,强筋小麦产量可高达7529.5kg/hm2,较CK增产41.4%,此施肥指标下的氮磷钾适宜配比(N:P2O5:K2O)为1:0.65:0.65.增施磷肥60～300kg/hm2对改善强筋小麦的主要品质指标均有一定效果,籽粒蛋白质含量可提高4.9%～11.3%,湿面筋含量提高6.7%～16.8%,沉降值增加7.8%～11.3%,面团形成时间延长1.1～2.1min,面团稳定时间延长2.3～4.0min,主要品质指标均达一级标准.施磷提高强筋小麦产量和品质,与施磷后增强了开花后各时期旗叶的硝酸还原酶活性以及旗叶和籽粒的谷丙转氨酶活性有关.     

Deposition of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in Croatia

Since precipitation is an efficient scavenger of pollutants, concentrations of major ions in precipitation reflect changes in chemistry of the atmosphere and in the subsequent exposure of various ecosystems to deposition. The National Atmospheric Precipitation Chemistry programme was initiated in 1978 and operated by Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia to provide needed information on geographical patterns and temporal trends in precipitation chemistry in Croatia. To accomplish this, a network of about 20 stations, settled in different geographical regions, operates on a daily basis for 15 years now. Some monitoring stations are site- and study- specific; others are included in long-term, regional, or European monitoring networks (EMEP, GAW, MEDPOL, GEMS). The purpose of this work was to summarise existing data from the whole network for the period 1981–1992 and to compare data from measurements with EMEP model calculations of acid deposition. Results presented here show that annual average concentration and deposition values at remote sites agree reasonably well compared to modelled ones.     

手工拉面评分指标与面筋数量和质量的关系

手工拉面是一种特殊的面条加工形式。本研究选用目前正在甘肃河西大面积推广种植的9个小麦品种及21个新近育成的品系，测定其干、温面筋含量、面筋指数以及手工拉面各项评分指标，并通过相关分析、通径分析及多无线性回归分析，对拉面面条各项评分指标与面筋数量、质量间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，面筋数量和质量对面条各评分指标都具有直接或间接作用，这些作用的结果，使得面筋数量和质量对面条总评分的影响达到了极显著的水平。所得8个回归方程的可靠程度较高，模型合理，实用性强，可用于直接预测拉面各评分指标及总评分，是评价拉面品质的一种简单有效的方法。     

基于MFAPC的动力换挡变速箱湿式离合器压力控制方法

针对大功率拖拉机动力换挡过程中湿式离合器充油压力实际值与理想值之间存在偏差的问题,提出了基于紧格式动态线性化的离合器压力无模型自适应预测控制（Model free adaptive predictive control,MFAPC）算法,以实现离合器油缸压力的跟随控制。考虑到外界干扰和离合器液压控制系统参数的不确定性,构建湿式离合器驱动执行机构的完整非线性动力学模型和AMESim仿真模型,以离合器油缸压力为控制目标,采用紧格式动态线性化方法将非线性离合器液压执行机构数学模型等价转换为动态线性化数据模型,并设计了基于MFAPC的湿式离合器压力控制器,经Matlab/Simulink仿真试验验证了动态线性化模型的正确性及控制算法的可靠性。结果表明,与PID、MFAC等算法相比,本文算法控制跟踪效果更优,且具有较好的鲁棒性;MFAPC能够快速调整控制参数,响应期望压力变化;在方波信号激励下的响应时间仅为0.119s,在正弦信号激励下的稳态误差仅为±0.0281MPa,比传统PID算法降低了48.91%。此外,MFAPC的抗干扰能力优于其他算法,在接合过程中,湿式离合器最大冲击度仅为16.57m/s3,证明该算法具有较好的动态性能,有利于提高动力换挡的换挡品质,保证大功率拖拉机工作过程中的动力性。