章丘大葱夏季栽培研究

以章丘大葱大梧桐品种为试材,研究了夏季栽培中铺麦草、干湿栽和遮光对大葱株高﹑单株重等生长指标的影响。结果表明,章丘大葱在7~9月的夏季栽培中,铺麦草不利于大葱长高及产量增加,而合理的干湿栽及遮光处理可促进大葱长高和增重。利用遮光率30%的遮阳网遮荫30天、不铺麦草、干栽的栽培模式,可促进大葱生长,显著提高大葱单株重,具有较大增产潜力。     

分蘖洋葱伴生减磷对番茄生长发育及光合指标的影响

以番茄品种粉和平和分蘖洋葱品种绥化为试材,研究分蘖洋葱伴生减磷处理对番茄生长、光合指标及产量的影响。结果表明:分蘖洋葱伴生减磷(常规施肥量的50%)处理的番茄植株茎粗在定植后30 d显著高于对照(番茄单作,常规施肥量),全株干、鲜质量在拉秧期均显著高于对照,叶片光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在开花期和盛果期均明显高于对照,单株产量显著高于对照,说明分蘖洋葱伴生番茄可以减少磷肥的施用量。     

Identification of allelic variation in the atp6 gene and its use in developing molecular markers for distinguishing two cytoplasmic types of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

The atp6 is a significant candidate gene that may be related to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in higher plants. In this study, atp6 gene fragments were cloned from the CMS line and its maintainer line in bunching onion. The primers were designed according to sequences obtained from GenBank accession no. JQ283733. An important variation between the CMS and maintainer line was observed at the 171T and 171A position, respectively. The atp6 genes obtained from the CMS line had 171T mutations designated as T-atp6 (GenBank accession no. KR973431), and the maintainer line had 171A mutations designated as A-atp6 (GenBank accession no. KR973430). Furthermore, some plants in the maintainer line possessed both 171A and 171T mutations designated as heteroplasmic genotype A/T-atp6. To confirm this point mutation site, the derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) method was used. Consequently, we developed a competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker based on the observed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the atp6 genes. This marker will allow breeders to identify male-sterile or fertile cytoplasmic types on a large scale and may significantly contribute to the breeding of bunching onion F₁ hybrid cultivars.     

Characterization of two races of the stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) in Israel

Two distinct races ofDitylenchus dipsaci in Israel were identified: one, which infects and damages onion and garlic, reproduces on pea, but does not infect phalaris grass; and a second, which infects and damages phalaris—and, probably, also ‘Saia’ oats—but fails to infect onion and garlic. A new ‘garlic’ race of the nematode does not appear to have been introduced into Israel together with the ‘Lavinia’ garlic cultivar, as previously speculated, but rather the introduced Lavinia clone is highly susceptible to the existing ‘onion and garlic’ race ofD. dipsaci.     

Mite-borne virus isolates from cultivated Allium species,and their classification into two new rymoviruses in the family Potyviridae

While testing several samples of onion and of vegetatively propagated garlic, sand leek and shallot from a number of countries, virus isolates with unusually flexuous particles were obtained by mite (Aceria tulipae) or sap transmissions. No aphid-borne poty-or carlavirus was transmitted by mites, and mite-borne virus isolates could not be transmitted by aphids. The mite-borne isolates did not react with antisera to aphid-borne potyviruses ofAllium spp. or with the Agdia potyvirus group monoclonal. In contrast to the mite-borne onion and garlic mosaic viruses reported in the literature, our mite-borne isolates induced no visible or only very mild symptoms inAllium spp., except isolates from shallot ‘Santé’ which caused diffuse striping. Heavily mite-infested test plants or plant samples showed streaking and malformation due to mite feeding (tangle-top). The mite-borne virus isolates could be classified with test plants and a discriminating antiserum into three groups, representing two viruses and a strain of one of them. They are tentatively named onion mite-borne latent virus (OMbLV), garlic strain of this virus (OMbLV-G), and shallot mite-borne latent virus (SMbLV). Mite transmission, length of virus particles (ca. 700 to 800 nm), and the presence of granular inclusion bodies in infected tissue indicate that the viruses belong to the mite-borne genusRymovirus of the familyPotyviridae. OMbLV from shallot and onion, and OMbLV-G from garlic and sand leek, can be assayed onChenopodium murale but differ in their natural hosts. They are very common. SMbLV, to whichC. murale does not react, was isolated from shallot originating from Asia and Russia.     

洋葱雄性不育恢复位点Ms座位的SSR标记开发及其应用

本研究旨在开发稳定可靠的洋葱育性位点分子标记,并将其应用于育种实践,筛选育种系,从而缩短育种周期,节省育种成本,加速洋葱杂交种的培育进程。以洋葱育性恢复Ms座位的AFLP序列为基础,采用序列比对分析、PCR检测和表型分析等方法,开发、鉴定、应用了WH-SSR-1分子标记。结果表明:WH-SSR-1标记与Ms位点紧密连锁,Ms位点基因型为纯合显性MsMs时,有1条102 bp的扩增带;纯合隐性msms时,有1条99 bp的扩增带;杂合Msms时,有102 bp和99 bp两条扩增带。32份洋葱材料的验证结果证实了Ms座位的标记类型与基因型完全相符。随后从4个OP群体中直接获得了2个配套的不育系与保持系,‘吊玉’和‘天正红玉’因未检测到保持株或不育株,无法简单实现配套。WH-SSR-1标记与Ms位点紧密连锁,能够将其用于育种系筛选的育种实践,从OP群体中直接选择保持株和不育株,同时实现两系配套。     

紫玉洋葱鳞茎膨大及相关农艺性状观察

为确定洋葱的最佳收获期,选用自选新品种紫玉洋葱作为观察材料,每间隔5d测量一次鳞茎球质量及相关农艺性状.结果表明,5月25日绿色功能叶片开始衰退,具有生活力根数6月4日达到最大值,6月10日单球质量达到最大值,表明该品种的最佳收获期为6月10日前后.     

葱和韭菜种子发芽试验条件的研究

一前言葱和韭菜是广泛种植于全国各地的2种常用的蔬菜作物,其种子数量虽然不多,种子批量倒不少。据反映葱和韭菜种子一般较难发芽,发芽条件难于掌握和控制,发芽率往往较低,这对于蔬菜种子质量检验及蔬菜生产都会造成不良后果。     

Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants to fertilizers, weed competition duration, and planting times in the central Jordan Valley

The competitive ability of onion with weeds and the effects of weeds on onion crop growth and yield were investigated in three field experiments carried out in the central Jordan Valley during the 1997–1998 growing season. Fertilizer application to the onion plants in the presence of weeds significantly lowered the onion yield and reduced the bulb diameter, compared to the unfertilized, weed-infested onion crop. Weed competition and onion yield reduction increased with an increase in the fertilizer rate. All weed-free treatments with or without fertilizer gave a significantly higher onion yield than any of the fertilized, weedy plots. The highest yield of onion was obtained from the weed-free plots with a moderate application of fertilizer. Weed competition reduced the growth, bulb yield, and size of onion in the plots established from bulbs, seedlings, and seeds when compared to the relevant weed-free controls. The effect increased with competition duration and was more pronounced in direct-seeded onion than in the other two types of planting material. However, onion grown from bulbs or seedlings gave better growth, bulb weight, and number and was more competitive than the direct-seeded onion. The results showed that the minimum number of days of weed competition needed for a significant reduction in onion growth was 42 days when propagated from bulbs or seedlings and 21 days after direct-seeding. Onion grown from bulbs tolerated weed competition better and produced a higher bulb yield than that obtained from direct-seeded or transplanted onion, irrespective of the planting dates. December was found to be the best planting time for onion that was grown from bulbs and seedlings, while November was the best planting time for direct-seeded onion, provided the plots were weed-free throughout the growing season.     

大葱雄性不育系244A的选育及利用

在“冬灵白”大葱采种田中发现了雄性不育株 ,当年选择 6个单株进行开放授粉 ,最后收获 3个单株的种子播种成株系。第 2年从 1个不育株率高的株系中选择优株与原群体的可育株成对杂交 ,父本同时自交 ,连续 4代选择 ,最后选留 0 2 5不育株系与相应父本混合授粉 ,连续 4代不育株率均为 10 0 % ,不育度也为 10 0 % ,简称2 44A ,相应父本简称 2 44B。 2 44A授粉后能正常结实。以 2 44A为母本配制的杂交组合表现出很强的产量优势