大葱种子人工老化与膜脂过氧化的研究

大葱种子经过人工老化处理后,其发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数下降,活力指数较发芽率和发芽指数下降明显,种子老化6天后活力指数比对照下降70％。脱氢酶、SOD、POD活性和GSH含量也呈下降趋势,而浸出液可溶性糖、MDA、自由基、H2O2的含量增加,GSH、H2O2、自由基、可溶性糖含量与种子活力显著相关,并且较其他指标变化更为显著。说明大葱种子人工老化过程中膜脂过氧化加剧,膜结构和功能遭到破坏。因此,大葱种子人工老化与膜脂过氧化直接相关。     

Soil steaming to reduce intrarow weed seedling emergence

Steaming the soil prior to crop establishment can be a very effective method of preventing weed seedling emergence on raised beds of vegetable crops. However, current mobile steaming technology for outdoor vegetables is characterized by an extremely high energy consumption and a low work rate. This has led to the concept of band-steaming, where only a limited soil volume is steamed corresponding to the intrarow area of a row-grown vegetable crop. Weeds growing in the intrarow area are difficult to remove by traditional non-chemical means, usually involving substantial input of manual labour in organic cropping. This paper presents the initial results from laboratory studies with steaming a limited soil volume simulating a band. The investigations describe the relationship between maximum soil temperature achieved from soil steaming for different periods and effects seen on subsequent weed seedling emergence. The relationships obtained were generally sigmoid and could appropriately be described by a common dose–response function. Seedling emergence from natural weed species was reduced by 90% when the maximum soil temperature reached 61°C, and a further 10°C rise in temperature gave 99% reduction. Added and non-imbibed seeds of Lolium perenne and Brassica napus generally required higher temperatures to achieve the same control level as the natural weeds in the soil samples.     

Mitochondrial genome variation in Allium ampeloprasum and its wild relatives

Limitation in mitochondrial genome diversity of leek, revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses with mitochondrial gene probes, prevent a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system in elite populations. However, mitochondrial genome diversity was detected in Allium ampeloprasum L. wild accession and landraces, as well as in pearl onion. Within this plant material, nine mitotypes were distinguished and could be used in order to broaden the genetic basis of leek. A chimeric mitochondrial gene configuration is usable as a marker for the sterility inducing cytoplasms (S₁) in chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) and in onion (Allium cepa L.) for (S) and (T) cytoplasm. This chimeric mitochondrial gene configuration is also present in the subgenus Allium, revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, only a faint amplicon was observed in a few accessions investigated herein, suggesting that this fragment might be present to a lesser level in mitochondrial DNA, as a sublimon.     

Gibberellins as gametocides for the common onion (Allium cepa L.). III. GA4+7 and pollen viability

Summary The gametocidal effect of GA₄₊₇ in onion is strong in respect of pollen production but very weak or absent in respect of pollen viability. Large scale application of GA₄₊₇ for the production of onion hybrid seed is still impossible because of low seed yield and high costsof required chemicals. On a small scale, however. GA₄₊₇ can be used very well to emasculate breeding material.Because of switching over to the gibberellin terminology of plant physiologists, this title slightly deviates from that of the two previous articles.     

系列洋葱深加工研究及其产业化前景探析

为了通过洋葱的深加工来充分利用洋葱的生理生化功效,造福于消费者,提高洋葱的附加值,扩大洋葱的产销量,作为系列洋葱深加工,研究开发了洋葱功能性饮料和洋葱醋。对洋葱饮料的功能进行验证,添加1%稳定剂环状糊精,可防止洋葱饮料在储藏和流通中产生沉淀,并有利于保持洋葱的原味。采用硫氰酸盐方法测定其抗氧化作用,表明在40℃培养12d时抗氧化效果顺序为:BHT,BHA,蒜提取浓缩物,洋葱提取浓缩物,但其数据相差较小,表明洋葱提取物具有很强的抗氧化作用。对白鼠的抗疲劳实验结果表明,洋葱提取浓缩物添加量较少时效果不明显,但添加量达到2%(每500g添加10g)时则抗疲劳效果分别提高了57%;利用洋葱饮料代替饮用水喂养白鼠时,其抗疲劳效果最明显,提高了72%。以洋葱汁为原料进行醋酸发酵,较为理想的条件为:温度30℃,初始酸度3.0%,乙醇体积分数为4.0%,营养物添加酵母提取物,MgSO4,K3PO4各0.3%,发酵时间15d。洋葱的总酸度可达6.2%以上,并以此为基础可开发满足不同层次、不同需要的洋葱醋产品。     

Linkage of downy mildew resistance genes Pd 1 and Pd 2from Allium roylei Stearn in progeny of its interspecific hybrid with onion (A. cepa L.)

Summary Male meiosis of the interspecific hybrid between Allium roylei and A. cepa is undisturbed relative to its parents. Based on meiotic data, A. roylei is concluded to be a closer relative of A. cepa than A. fistulosum. Segregation ratios for downy mildew resistance among BC₁ and F₂ progenies from the F₁ between A. roylei and A. cepa indicate the presence of two dominantly inherited, weakly linked nuclear resistance genes, Pd ₁ and Pd ₂, in A. roylei (recombination frequency 0.32±0.03). Presumably Pd ₁ and Pd ₂are the first genes described in Allium residing in one linkage group. The prospects of exploiting A. roylei in onion breeding seem very promising.     

Genetic mapping of AFLP markers in Japanese bunching onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium fistulosum</Emphasis>)

Summary The first genetic linkage map of Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum) based primarily on AFLP markers was constructed using reciprocally backcrossed progenies. They were 120 plants each of (P₁)BC₁ and (P₂)BC₁ populations derived from a cross between single plants of two inbred lines: D1s-15s-22 (P₁) and J1s-14s-20 (P₂). Based on the (P₂)BC₁ population, a linkage map of P₁ was constructed. It comprises 164 markers – 149 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), 2 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPSs), and 12 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from Japanese bunching onion, and 1 SSR from bulb onion (A. cepa) – on 15 linkage groups covering 947 centiMorgans (cM). The linkage map of P₂ was constructed with the (P₁)BC₁ population and composed of 120 loci – 105 AFLPs, 1 CAPS, and 13 SSRs developed from Japanese bunching onion and 1 SSR from bulb onion – on 14 linkage groups covering 775 cM. Both maps were not saturated but were considered to cover the majority of the genome. Nine linkage groups in P₂ map were connected with their counterparts in P₁ map using co-dominant anchor markers, 13 SSRs and 1 CAPS.     

Geographical distribution of allozyme patterns in shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum Backer) and wakegi onion (A. × wakegi Araki)

Summary Shallot and wakegi were collected in the main islands of Indonesia, and in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh. Five isozyme resolutions, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glutamate oxaloacetate (GOT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), esterase (EST) and peroxidase (POX) were employed for demonstrating inter-and intraspecific differences. A dendrogram separated 189 collected accessions into 25 types of wakegi onion and 18 types of shallot. All accessions of Japan, Korea and Taiwan were determined to be wakegi onion, whereas those of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand were shallot. Twenty-six out of 165 Indonesian accessions indicated wakegi onion distribution in Sumatra, West Java province and in Sulawesi Island. This confirmed that there is mixed-cultivation of the two Allium species with no distinction made between them. Japan and Indonesia had respectively 12 and eight unique types of wakegi onion, while Korea had only one type. West Java showed the most various type of wakegi onion, whereas East Java had many types of shallot. Shallots collected from Bangladesh were distinetly different from those of South East Asian types.     

黑龙江省分蘖洋葱病毒病原的初步鉴定

黑龙江省分蘖洋葱病毒病发生普遍 ,阿城、宾县、五常的发病率均为 10 0 % ,病情指数分别为6 2 .13% ,71.0 7%和 4 9.87%。典型症状为黄化条纹花叶 ,叶片扭曲畸形、叶尖干枯 ,植株矮缩 ,鳞茎退化变小 ,产量和品质大幅度下降。被分蘖洋葱病毒系统感染的有洋葱、大葱、大蒜和蚕豆 ,局部感染的有千日红、苋色藜。电镜观察表明 ,病体细胞中含有大量线状病毒粒体 ,长度在 30 0～ 14 5 0 nm。通过叶片超薄切片 ,在叶肉细胞质中观察到大量的风轮状、束状、涡轮状和环状内含体 ,叶绿体被破坏。体外抗性测定结果表明 ,致死温度为 5 5～ 6 5℃ ,稀释限点为 10 - 4,体外保毒期为 3d。酶联免疫测试和洋葱黄矮病毒抗血清、韭葱黄条纹病毒抗血清、大蒜复合病毒抗血清呈阳性反应。以上特征证明 ,黑龙江省分蘖洋葱病毒病为几种病毒复合侵染 ,初步鉴定为洋葱黄矮病毒和韭葱黄条纹病毒。