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81.
Summary Significant genetic variation in CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), and A: g ratio, which are indicators of intrinsic differences in productivity and water use efficiency (WUE), has been demonstrated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids. The primary objective was to determine the possible parental influence on the components of the A: g relationship in sorghum hybrids across a range of water supplies. Thirty F1 hybrids resulting from a 6 × 6 diallel crossing pattern constituted the genetic material. Field experiments were conducted using four water supply treatments established through differential irrigation. Carbon assimilation rate (A), g, and leaf water potential (w) of individual leaves were monitored every 15 to 20 days. Genetic analyses revealed that general- and specific-combining ability effects were evident for A. However, reciprocal and maternal effects were more important in governing the A-g and A-w relationships. Since the maternal effects were the major determinants in causing reciprocal differences, A can be improved by selecting specific female parents to exploit cytoplasmic factors or physiological characteristics of this parent. Substantial genetic variation in the A-g relationship resulting from significant genetic control of A offers the opportunity to impose selection for high A and stability of A, which might directly contribute to whole plant WUE and productivity in grain sorghum.Abbreviations A
carbon assimilation rate
- g
stomatal conductance to water vapor
- GCA
General Combining Ability
- SCA
Specific Combining Ability
- WUE
Water Use Efficiency 相似文献
82.
M.?K.?Dhillon H.?C.?SharmaEmail author B.?V.?S.?Reddy Ram?Singh J.?S.?Naresh Zhu?Kai 《Euphytica》2005,144(3):275-283
Summary The shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is an important pest of sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the most effective components for managing this pest.
Most of the hybrids grown in India based on milo cytoplasm (A1 cytoplasm) are highly susceptible to shoot fly. Therefore, the present studies were undertaken to evaluate different male-sterile
cytoplasms (CMS) for their relative susceptibility to sorghum shoot fly. Oviposition and deadheart formation were significantly
lower on the maintainer lines as compared to the corresponding male-sterile lines. Among the cytoplasms tested, A4M cytoplasm showed antixenosis for oviposition and suffered lower deadheart formation than the other cytoplasms tested. The
A4G1 and A4M cytoplasms suffered lower deadhearts in tillers than the other cytoplasms. Recovery following shoot fly damage in A4M, A3, and A2 cytoplasms was better than in the other cytoplasms tested. The larval and pupal periods were longer and male and female pupal
weights lower in A4M and A4VzM CMS backgrounds compared to the other CMS systems. Fecundity and antibiosis indices on CMS lines were lower than on the
B-lines. The A4M cytoplasm was found to be relatively resistant to sorghum shoot fly, and can be exploited for developing shoot fly-resistant
hybrids for sustainable crop production in future. 相似文献
83.
Three sorghum cytoplasmic male sterile lines CSV4 A(V), CSV4 A(G1) and CSV4 A(M), grouped as A4, were compared with a milo (A1) and two other non-milo (A2 and A3) cytoplasms for their RFLP patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A 9.7 kb clone from pearl millet mtDNA discriminated each
of the three A4 entries whereas other maize and pearl millet mtDNA clones used could not distinguish this group completely. The molecular
differences within the A4 cytoplasmic group offer some explanation for the inconsistency in the fertility restoration behaviour of these A4 lines obtained with a definite set of testers in the field.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
84.
以高粱(S.BICOLOR)为母本、旱稻(O.SATIVA)为父本进行属间杂交,F1出现双亲没有的短芒和黄色柱头新性状,并能在F2、F3及BC1稳定遗传。F3在株高、穗长、穗型、分蘖性等性状上仍疯狂分离,并出现父本白色籽粒单株。BC1在株高、分蘖二性状上接近父本,回交效应非常明显,T测定无差异,并出现多子房新性状。高梁与旱稻杂交及回交,能创造变异,产生新性状,对创造矮秆、优质、多子房新种质十分有效。然而,二者杂交后代主体性状仍似母本,只表现父本少数性状,属于部分遗传物质导入。 相似文献
85.
根据最优设计的原理 ,采用了组合设计的思想 ,接近于正交设计、旋转设计和饱和设计 ,故称为最优混合设计。 1998年小区最高产量为 12 919.5kg·hm-2 ,1999年小区最高产量达到 13815kg·hm-2 ,2 0 0 0年小区产最高产量达 15 0 18.0kg·hm-2 。由电脑筛选出 343个方案 ,其中 ,15 0 0 0~ 176 2 5kg·hm-2 的最优组合方案是 :施有机肥 6 0 0 0 0kg·hm-2 ,追肥N素 46 2~ 483kg·hm-2 ,播前浇底墒水 6 0 0t·hm-2 ,补灌 1377~ 145 8t·hm-2 ,密度 :马铃薯套种高粱 ,马铃薯 72 70 5~ 83415株·hm-2 ,高粱 6 5 2 0 5~ 75 915株·hm-2 。 相似文献
86.
Yelena V. Lyubun Paul V. Kosterin Elena A. Zakharova Alexander A. Shcherbakov Evgenii E. Fedorov 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2002,2(3):143-147
Background, Aim and Scope Environmental pollution caused by arsenic (As) is a major ecological problem. There has been intense worldwide effort to find
As-hyperaccumulating plants that can be used in phytoremediation—the green-plant-assisted removal of chemical pollutants from
soils. For phytoremediation, it is natural to prefer cultivated rather than wild plants, because their agriculture is well
known. This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of common sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) and sugar sorghum(Sorghum saccharatum Pers.) for soil-As contents of 10–100 mg As kg-1 soil, with sodium arsenite as a model contaminant.
Methods Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 30 days. Microfield experiments were conducted on experimental plots. To study the
phytoremediation effect of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we treated 1-
and 3-day-old plant seedlings with water solutions of the auxins (concentrations 10-5, 10-7, and 10-9 g l-1). The soil and plant-biomass samples were analyzed for total As by using the color reaction of ammonium molybdate with As.
Results and Discussion Phytotoxicity studies showed that 100 mg As kg-1 soil poisoned sunflower and sorghum growth by 50%. There was a linear correlation between soil-As content and As accumulation
in the plants. Laboratory experiments showed that the soil-As content was reduced two- to threefold after sunflower had been
grown with 10–100 mg As kg-1 soil for 30 days. Treatment of sunflower and sorghum seedlings with IAA and 2,4-D at a concentration of 10-5 g l-1 in microfield experiments enhanced the phytoremediation two- to fivefold as compared with untreated control plants. The best
results were obtained with 3-day-old seedlings.
Conclusion, Recommendation and Outlook (a) Sunflower and sorghum are good candidates to remediate As-polluted soils. (b) Phytoremediation can be improved with IAA or 2,4-D. (c) Mixed cropping of sorghum and sunflower may be another way of improving phytoremediation. 相似文献
87.
Summary Spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus clarum obtained from sweet potatoes grown in soil inoculated with this fungus and with an enrichment culture of Acetobacter diazotrophicus contained A. diazotrophicus and several other bacteria, including a diazotrophic Klebsiella sp. Inoculation of micropropagated sweet potatoes with G. clarum and A. diazotrophicus enhanced spore formation in soil compared to VAM inoculation alone. Plants inoculated with VAM spores containing the bacteria showed additional increases in the number of spores formed within roots. A. diazotrophicus infected aerial plant parts only when inoculated together with VAM or when present within VAM spores. Micropropagated sugarcane seedlings inoculated with the same VAM spores containing the diazotrophs also contained much higher numbers of A. diazotrophicus in aerial parts than seedlings inoculated in vitro with the bacteria alone. When grown in non-sterile soil, the sugarcane seedlings again showed the greatest infection of aerial parts after inoculation with VAM spores containing the diazotrophs. This treatment also increased VAM colonization and the numbers of spores formed within roots. Similar effects were observed in sweet sorghum except that the aerial plant parts were not infected by A. diazotrophicus. 相似文献
88.
高粱与旱稻属间杂交部分遗传物质导入的F3及BC1表型鉴定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以高粱(S.bicolor)为母本、旱稻(O.sativa)为父本进行属问杂交,F1出现双亲没有的短芒和黄色柱头新性状,并能在F2、F3及BC 1 稳定遗传。F1在株高、穗长、穗型、分蘖性等性状上仍疯狂分离,并出现父本白色籽粒单株。BC1在株高、分蘖二性状上接近父本,回交效应非常明显,t测定无差异,并出现多子房新性状。高梁与旱稻杂交及回交,能创造变异,产生新性状,对创造矮秆、优质、多子房新种质十分有效。然而,二者杂交后代主体性状仍似母本,只表现父本少数性状。属于部分遗传物质导入。 相似文献
89.
The millenia‐old existence of traditional, surface‐irrigated Omani mountain oases implies a remarkable sustainability of such systems in a hyperarid environment. This study was conducted in the mountain oasis of Balad Seet, situated in the Al‐Jabal‐al‐Akhdar mountains of northern Oman, to investigate the water‐use efficiency (WUE) of these oases and how farmers regulate it. In 2005, gas exchange of single leaves of 9–16 plants was measured for the most important perennial field crop alfalfa in both February and August, for the typical winter crop oat in February, and the dominating summer crop sorghum in August. The measurements were conducted five times a day in subplots irrigated the evening before and in the surrounding control plots, where plants had been withheld from irrigation for 14–16 d. Water deficit at the end of the irrigation interval reduced the stomatal conductance (gs) strongly in summer alfalfa, oat, and sorghum, but only slightly in winter alfalfa. In oat, the reduction of net photosynthetic rate (PN) at the end of the irrigation cycle was caused mainly by stomatal closure, in sorghum by nonstomatal factors and in summer alfalfa by both, whereas PN in winter alfalfa remained unaffected. The ratio of net photosynthetic rate to stomatal conductance (PN/gs), the “intrinsic water‐use efficiency”, increased in all investigated crops in response to drought because of a stronger reduction of gs than of PN. This increase was small in winter alfalfa, but much stronger in oat, sorghum, and summer alfalfa. The data indicate that alfalfa maintains a relatively high CO2 assimilation rate year‐round, contributing to a relatively high annual dry‐matter production. The decrease of the light intensity in the late afternoon caused by the shading effect of the surrounding mountains diminishes the crop evapotranspiration in the oasis. 相似文献
90.