Storage of Non-structural Carbohydrates in Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]: Comparison of Sterile and Fertile Lines

The accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) represents an intermediate reserve pool for grain filling as well as an irreversible storage up to maturity. In order to study the effect of Sterility on soluble sugar accumulation in vegetative parts, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines of sweet sorghum were compared with their corresponding fertile mamtainers for non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in shoots. Plants were harvested at four different physiological stages. The lines showed significant differences in the yield of non-structural carbohydrates. At maturity, the yields of soluble carbohydrates from vegetative parts of the two sterile lines were 93 % and 43 % higher than the yield of the two corresponding fertile lines. At that stage, sucrose represented about 80 % of total soluble carbohydrates and the higher yield of soluble carbohydrates of sterile lines was mainly due to the higher yield of sucrose. This indicates that the yield of extractable carbohydrates, especially sucrose, in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum could be considerably improved by using sterile lines which are utilized in hybrid production.     

Nutritive value of sorghum silage for sheep

This study compared ensiled sorghum (ES) from two varieties (first and second cuts) with corn silage (CS) for chemical analysis, total-tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites in sheep. Five experimental silages representing first cut ES var. Pegah (PS1), second cut ES var. Pegah (PS2), first cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS1), second cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS2) and CS were assessed for chemical analysis, silage fermentation and anti-quality compounds. Diets consisted of lucerne hay, silage and a premix (at the ratio of 53.5:46:0.5 on a dry matter [DM] basis). Feed consumption, total-tract nutrient digestibility, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites were determined in a Latin square design of five periods with five male sheep. Compared to sorghum, CS had lower (p < 0.01) concentrations of ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein, but higher starch, lignin (sa), non-structural carbohydrates and apparent nutrient digestibility. The measurements of pH, lactic acid, NH₃-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) confirmed that all silages were well-preserved. The anti-quality compound levels in the silages were below the safe limits for ruminants. No differences were observed in feed consumption (p > 0.05) and total-tract digestibility of DM and nutrients (p > 0.05). Rumen pH, NH₃-N, VFA concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Sheep fed on sorghum silage showed a decrease (p < 0.01) in total protozoa, and particularly in the Entodiniae population. There were no differences in cellulolytic bacteria counts (p > 0.05) among treatments. Urinary N, MNS and blood biochemistry metabolites showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Silages from both cuts of sorghum had comparable total-tract nutrient digestibility to CS, therefore, these varieties could be used as a more drought resilient silage source in the feeding of sheep.     

Characterization and application of lactic acid bacteria for tropical silage preparation

Strains TH 14, TH 21 and TH 64 were isolated from tropical silages, namely corn stover, sugar cane top and rice straw, respectively, prepared in Thailand. These strains were selected by low pH growth range and high lactic acid‐producing ability, similar to some commercial inoculants. Based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence and DNA‐DNA relatedness, strain TH 14 was identified as Lactobacillus casei, and strains TH 21 and TH 64 were identified as L. plantarum. Strains TH 14, TH 21, TH 64 and two commercial inoculants, CH (L. plantarum) and SN (L. rhamnosus), were used as additives to fresh and wilted purple Guinea and sorghum silages prepared using a small‐scale fermentation method. The number of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the forages before ensilage was relatively low but the numbers of coliform and aerobic bacteria were higher. Sorghum silages at 30 days of fermentation were all well preserved with low pH (3.56) and high lactic acid production (72.86 g/kg dry matter). Purple Guinea silage inoculated with LAB exhibited reduced count levels of aerobic and coliform bacteria, lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen and increased lactic acid concentration, compared with the control. Strain TH 14 more effectively improved lactic acid production compared with inoculants and other strains. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

有机肥与氮肥不同施用量对高粱产量及品质的影响

试验设置有机肥(667m2用清粪水1000～2000kg)作高粱移栽底肥,在高粱拔节期和孕穗期限量追肥(667m2用尿素8～32kg)。结果表明:不施化肥,只施有机肥1000kg/667m2的高粱产量最低(285.51kg/667m2);施有机肥2000kg/667m2、拔节期和孕穗期分别追施尿素8kg/667m2的高粱产量最高(435.24kg/667m2);施有机肥1500～2000kg/667m2、追尿素12～20kg的高粱产量达398.58～435.24kg。经品质、农药残留、重金属等项目分析,符合高粱卫生安全指标要求,说明施肥对高粱籽粒品质没有影响。     

高粱品种引种和筛选比较试验

通过引进杂交糯高粱泸糯杂3号(B)与青选二号(A)、青壳洋(C)、航天高粱(D)进行综合比较试验,观察了引进高粱品种的产量性状与适应性。结果表明:高粱产量顺序为A>C>B>D,青选二号高粱品种较对照增产25.55kg/667m2,增产率为9.29%;泸糯杂3号、航天高粱品种较对照减产。青选二号和青壳洋高粱品种均具有良好的产量性状和适宜的栽培性状,可在贵州省仁怀市作主推品种。     

不同育苗方式对高粱产量的影响

通过设置营养球、营养块、营养土撒播、直播4种高粱育苗方式试验,结果表明:营养球、营养块、营养土撒播、直播每667m2高粱实际平均产量分别为330.00kg、324.51kg、292.78kg和182.84kg。营养球、营养块、撒播每667m2高粱平均产量较直播(CK)增产80.5%、77.5%和60.1%。纯收益以营养块最高,为898.40元/667m2,其次为营养球,直播最低(465.40元/667m2)。净投产比以撒播最高(1∶6.19),其次为营养块,直播最低(1∶3.29)。综合4种育苗方式的产量、产值、纯收益、净投产比,营养块育苗是高粱理想的育苗移栽方式。     

移栽时期对高粱产量的影响

高粱不同育苗移栽时期试验结果表明:4月15日和4月25日移栽的高粱经济性状好,产量高,单产达330～337.5kg/667m2。随着移栽时期的前后推移,产量都会降低。     

喹草酮与莠去津复配防除杂草效果及对高粱的安全性

为明确对羟基丙酮酸双氧化酶抑制剂类新型除草剂喹草酮应用于高粱田的可行性,于2018-2019年在温室和田间测定喹草酮与莠去津复配的除草效果及对高粱的安全性。温室试验结果表明,喹草酮与莠去津复配对狗尾草Setaria viridis和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti均有很好的防除效果,两者按有效成分用量比1：4~1：7配比对狗尾草的GR₅₀在134.40~168.92 g （a.i.）/hm²之间,明显好于喹草酮和莠去津单独施用时的GR₅₀,分别为150.53g （a.i.）/hm²和589.30g （a.i.）/hm²;两者复配对狗尾草的共毒系数在234.80~311.03之间,远大于120.00,显示出明显的增效作用;对苘麻的共毒系数在140.16~168.38之间,也表现出增效作用;对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis也有较好的防除效果;喹草酮与莠去津按有效成分用量比1：5复配的制剂在最高用量3 600g （a.i.）/hm²处理下,3个高粱品种生长均正常,且对高粱和杂草之间的选择性指数远大于6.59,对高粱的安全性高。田间试验结果表明,喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田对高粱安全,且对田间杂草野稷Panicum ruderale、虎尾草Rabdosia eriocalys、稗Echinochloa crus-galli、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenopodium album等均有极好的防除效果,2018-2019年对高粱田杂草的总株防效分别为94.2%和92.8%,鲜重防效分别为95.6%和94.2%,明显高于药剂对照50%异甲·莠去津悬浮剂土壤处理和37%二氯·莠去津悬浮剂茎叶处理的防除效果。表明喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田防除杂草效果良好。     

基于主成分和隶属函数分析的高粱品种耐深播性综合评价

采用盆栽试验,分别设置1、3、5、7 cm播深,对34个高粱品种在不同播深下的出苗率、幼苗形态和幼苗干物质量进行分析,筛选耐深播性鉴定指标,综合评价高粱品种的耐深播性。研究结果表明,随着播种深度的加大,出苗率、苗长、根长、根数和苗重均呈下降趋势,3、5、7 cm与1 cm播深上述指标测定值的比值分别为0.84～0.60、0.96～0.75、0.83～0.53、0.88～0.64和0.95～0.85;中胚轴长、根重和根冠比呈上升趋势,3、5、7 cm与1 cm播深上述指标测定值的比值为1.52～3.30、1.10～1.25和1.17～1.50;胚芽鞘长在播深间差异不显著。主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率为77.647%,相对根冠比、相对根长、相对中胚轴长和相对出苗率载荷量最大,将其作为高粱耐深播性筛选的主要指标并计算隶属函数值。根据隶属函数值对高粱品种进行聚类分析,结果显示,34个高粱品种可聚为3类,晋粱白2号等11个品种为耐深播品种,红青壳等14个品种为中等耐深播品种,吉品609等9个品种为深播敏感品种。品种间耐深播性差异明显,杂交种较常规种耐深播性强。     

Retrospect on in vitro androgenesis of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Development of sorghum hybrids can immensely benefit from an enhanced anther culture protocol since the resultant doubled haploids would accelerate, as in other major cereal crops, the attainment of homozygosity and fixation of alleles. Production of the hybrids that have got high yielding, stress tolerance and other traits of industrial significance in a shorter time as compared to the current trend can hence be realized. This review presents the advances that have been made in the development of such a protocol, with closer attention to androgenic induction components of pre-treatment, culture media composition and conditions as well as ploidy determination and eventual chromosome doubling. From the findings of this review, it is clear that further work is desired to ensure a protocol, that to a large degree, breaks the genotype dependency trend that has been widely cited to impede the usability of the tested protocols.