Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

液压机械无级变速装载机工况在线识别方法

液压机械无级变速装载机发动机转速与车速解耦,具有节油、高效的优点,为了解决其工况繁多、动力匹配问题,以某液压机械无级变速装载机为研究对象,基于液压机械状态参数开展了装载机负载估计理论分析和仿真,建立了负载估计模型,仿真结果表明该方法能准确估计液压机械段内负载,结果偏差在±4.69%以内。在负载估计方法基础上,建立液压机械无级变速装载机工况识别模型以及整车仿真模型,通过理论分析与仿真相结合的方法,得到液压机械无级变速装载机在线工况识别方法及对应速比控制策略。仿真结果表明,该方法能够准确识别装载机当前工况,满足实际工程要求,所提出的分工况速比控制策略与常规策略相比,单作业循环时间减少了2.43 s,作业效率提高了4.42%,总油耗降低了1.41%。研究为装备液压机械无级变速器的装载机及拖拉机等提高生产效率及燃油经济性提供了途径。     

2000—2019年黄土高原地区土壤保持时空变化及影响因素分析

为揭示全球气候变化背景下黄土高原的生态建设成效,以土壤保持量为评估指标,应用美国修正通用土壤流失方程,评估了黄土高原土壤保持服务功能以及植被、气象等因素对其影响,分析了2000年以来植被和气候变化影响下黄土高原土壤保持量时空动态变化特征。结果表明:2000—2019年黄土高原土壤保持量平均值为109.5 t/hm²,并呈增加趋势,平均每年增加2.0 t/hm²,空间分布黄土高原中部和东部土壤保持量增加较明显。2000年以来黄土高原地区植被NPP呈增加趋势,年平均值为330.5 gC/m²,且平均每年增加7.2 gC/m²; 2000年以来植被覆盖度年平均值为29.2%,且以平均每年0.52%的趋势增加。黄土高原地区2000年以来气温和降水量均显著增加,平均年降水量为469.1 mm,且呈增加趋势,平均每年增加3.1 mm,年平均气温为10.2℃,平均每年增加0.03℃。黄土高原生态恢复措施加强,加之区域“暖湿化”有利气候条件,促进了区域生态建设成效显现,成为黄土高原生态恢复、功能提升的重要因素之一。     

2022年夏收粮油作物生育期气象条件及其影响分析

基于主产区气象观测站和农业气象站实测气象资料和作物发育期资料,计算冬小麦和油菜生长季的气候适宜度和灾害指数等参数,评价该阶段气象条件对夏收粮油作物的利弊影响。结果显示：2021/2022年度冬小麦、油菜生育期内,产区大部光热充足、土壤墒情适宜,冻害、干旱等农业气象灾害影响程度偏轻,气候适宜度高于上年和近5a平均值,气象条件利于夏收粮油作物生长发育和产量形成;成熟收获期间多晴好天气,收获进度快、质量高。但北方冬麦区秋播期多雨渍涝,冬小麦播种期明显推迟,冬前壮苗比例偏少、分蘖不足。江南和贵州等油菜产区冬季持续阴雨寡照,影响油菜发育进程。     

Microbial responses to fluctuation of soil aeration status and redox conditions

 The response of the microbial community to changes in aeration status, from oxic to anoxic and from anoxic to oxic, was determined in arable soil incubated in a continuous flow incubation apparatus. Soil incubated in permanently oxic (air) and/or anoxic (O₂-free N₂) conditions was used as the control. Before experiments soil was preincubated for 6 days, then aeration status was changed and glucose added. Glucose concentration, extractable C, CO₂ production, microbial biomass, pH and redox potential were determined 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h after change of aeration status. If oxic conditions were changed to anoxic, the amount of glucose consumed was reduced by about 60%, and CO₂ production was 10 times lower at the end of incubation compared to the control (permanently oxic conditions). Microbial biomass increased by 114% in glucose-amended soil but did not change in unamended soil. C immobilization prevailed over C mineralization. Redox potential decreased from +627 mV to –306 mV. If anoxic conditions were changed to oxic, consumption of glucose and CO₂ evolution significantly increased, compared to permanently anoxic conditions. Microbial biomass did not change in glucose-amended soil, but decreased by 78% in unamended soil. C mineralization was accelerated. Redox potential increased from +238 to +541 mV. The rate of glucose consumption was low in anoxic conditions if soil was incubated in pure N₂ but increased significantly when incubation was carried out in a CO₂/N₂ mixture. Received: 6 January 1999     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同立地条件下土壤呼吸特征

水蚀风蚀交错带是黄土高原土壤侵蚀最严重地区,该地区立地条件复杂,土壤质地有较大的空间变异性,对生态系统碳循环过程产生重要影响。该文选取土壤质地为立地条件的主要参考因子,利用便携式CO2分析仪对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同立地条件下2种典型灌木(柠条和沙柳)土壤呼吸特征进行了连续2a的野外对比研究,分析不同立地条件下灌木林地土壤呼吸之间的差异,阐明土壤呼吸的动态变化及其对土壤温度的敏感性。结果表明:在不同立地条件下,柠条林地黄绵土土壤呼吸高于风沙土,相反,沙柳林地风沙土土壤呼吸高于黄绵土。每种灌木林地在不同立地条件下土壤呼吸呈现明显的季节性变化,土壤呼吸速率的高峰值出现在7、8月份。不同立地条件下土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈现显著指数函数关系,每种灌木林地黄绵土土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q10高于风沙土,从而对土壤温度的响应更为敏感。     

考虑自然风的气辅式喷雾雾滴飘失特性建模与补偿

气流辅助喷雾在雾滴减飘方面确有效果,然而大田作业时,其减飘效果受到自然风、喷雾流量、风筒出口风速、喷雾角等多种工况的严重影响。该文采用多相流计算流体动力学软件,建立三维流场几何模型,依据不同工况参数对雾滴漂移特性的影响,利用均匀设计安排试验方案,研究雾滴在自然风、辅助气流综合作用下在连续相和雾滴粒子离散相的耦合规律,通过流体动力学仿真完成训练样本采集,采用多元相关向量机回归方法建立不同自然风速下减飘模型,并通过模糊决策支持系统对作物茂密程度和喷嘴与冠层间垂直距离进行控制参数修正。试验结果表明：多元相关向量机回归模型预测飘失率的平均绝对百分比误差为2.56%,自然风扰动中实测和预测飘失率平均误差为8.92%,其飘失规律与所建飘失模型基本吻合。研究结果可为面向雾滴沉积效果的喷雾主动控制系统设计提供参考。     

Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics throughout spring triticale development stages as affected by fertilization

Abstract

Little is known about the response of spring triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.) chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fo – initial fluorescence intensity, Fm – maximal fluorescence, Fv/Fm – maximum quantum yield of photosystem II) to nitrogen fertilization. We investigated after-effects of basic (N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ and N₁₂₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀) and additional (N₃₀ and N₆₀) fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at four main phonological development stages of spring triticale under field conditions. Both additional nitrogen (N) rates soon after application induced short-acting stress on both basic fertilization backgrounds only in dry weather conditions. Initial fluorescence intensity exhibited direct relationship (R²=0.52) with an additional nitrogen rate only at the beginning of booting (BBCH 31) in dry 2008. The correlation of maximal fluorescence with additional nitrogen rate was significant during the whole experimental period. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II directly correlated with both basic and additional nitrogen fertilization from flag leaf stage (BBCH 37) to completion of flowering (BBCH 69) in 2008. Initial fluorescence intensity decreased after spring triticale heading stage.     

Origin and properties of humus in the subsoil of irrigated rice paddies

Stability of humus in the plow layer soil is considered to affect the quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter leached from the plow layer soil. Therefore, a model experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of soil reduction under submerged conditions on the stability of humus in the plow layer soil. The changes in the stability of humus in the plow layer soil during submerged incubations with and without rice straw application were evaluated based on the changes in the binding type of humus. Binding type of humus in the plow layer soil was analyzed by successive extractions of organic matter with water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5) with NaBH₄. Amounts of Fe, Mn, and Mg in each fraction were also determined to estimate the relationships between humus and metals.

The successive extraction of humus indicated that the amount of organic carbon which was extractable with the (NaBH₄ +0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇) solution decreased while that of the 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0}-extractable organic carbon increased during submerged incubation with rice straw application. The origin of the increase in the amount of organic carbon in the Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable fraction during submerged incubation was investigated further by another incubation experiment using ¹³C-glucose as a reducing agent. Atom- 13C% analysis showed that the contribution of organic carbon derived from compounds other than glucose to the increase in the contents of humic acids and fulvic acids in the Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable fractions was ca. 80%. Therefore, it was concluded that the binding type of humus changed from (NaBH₄ + Na₄P₂O₇)-extractable to Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable humus under reducing conditions. Since the amounts of organic carbon and Fe increased in the Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable fraction and decreased in the (NaBH₄ +0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇)-extractable fraction simultaneously, iron reduction was presumably associated with the change in the binding type of humus in submerged paddy soil.     

PREVIOUS CROPS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN LETTUCE: EFFECTS ON YIELDS AND SOIL PROPERTIES

The use of organic amendments in agriculture could sustain crop production and preserve the agroecosystem, due to their importance in the conservation of organic matter in soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of differing organic fertilizers and of previous crops on lettuce growth, nutritional status and yields. The effects on soil characteristics were further investigated. The research was carried out during two years (2006 and 2007) at Metaponto (MT) in southern Italy, on lettuce crops cultivated after eggplant and melon to avoid their continuous cropping. The effects of application of a mineral fertilizer (MF), and of three treatments with organic fertilizers (commercial stable manure - OM; anaerobic digestate based on wine distillery wastewater - AD; composted municipal solid organic wastes coming from the separate collection - MSW) were studied. Head average weight, leaf area index, nitrate content and SPAD readings during the cropping cycles did not show significant differences among fertilizer treatments. On the contrary, marketable yield and head average weight at the harvest presented significantly different among the three organic fertilizers. The average marketable yield and head average weight of organic fertilizers experimental (AD and MSW treatments) decreased of 16 and 17%, respectively, compared to OM treatment. The previous melon crop influenced positively all analyzed parameters of the lettuce compared with previous eggplant crop. The previous melon crop reached the highest marketable yield with an increase of 59% compared with previous eggplant crop. Compared to the mineral fertilizer, the organic ones significantly increased the extracted fraction of soil organic carbon (6.9, 10.7 and 14.9% for OM, AD and MSW, respectively), without significant changes for the humic and fulvic content.