Wear of spring tine cultivator points in sandy loam and light clay soils in southern Poland

Correct evaluation and forecasting of durability of soil cutting parts are the decisive factors for proper operation of agricultural machinery. During operation of cultivators, over two-fold difference in wear of cultivator points is observed, which makes establishing of their exchange periods extremely difficult. So, there is a need to conduct some research aimed for determination of relationship between arrangement of the points in individual cultivator rows and their wear. The presented experiments were performed under authentic farm conditions during spring soil loosening and levelling operations before sowing and planting, in sandy loam and light clay soils. Changes in length and thickness of the spring tine points, wear patterns and weight loss were measured. Loss in length of spring tine points was described by a complex function of the distance travelled or by an exponential function of the distance from the measuring point to the symmetry axis of a spring tine point; loss in thickness was described by a linear function. It was found that soil type, as well as arrangement of the points in individual cultivator rows and their position in relation to the tractor wheel track, significantly influenced their wear. It was also observed that wear of spring tine points was 40–100% higher in the sandy loam soil than in the light clay soil, and that wear within a tractor wheel track was 17–40% higher than outside the track. Moreover, wear of points positioned in the first row on the cultivator frame was 26–100% higher than wear of those in the third row. The research results emphasise the need for field experiments at compare wear of spring tine points made of different materials or of different designs to take into account differences in wear due to positioning of the points on cultivator frames.     

基于茎秆直径微变化的拔节期玉米水分亏缺诊断指标研究

为了探索利用茎秆直径微变化诊断玉米水分亏缺状况的最优指标,采用桶栽的方法,开展了不同水分处理条件下拔节期夏玉米茎秆直径微变化中的日最大收缩量(MDS)、日增长量(DI)和当日恢复时间(RT)3个指标的变化规律及其与土壤相对含水率之间相关关系方面的试验研究。结果表明,(1)不同处理间的MDS和DI受水分亏缺影响差异较为明显,RT对土壤相对含水率的响应较为一致;(2)玉米日最大收缩量MDS和日增长量DI受到环境因素的影响较大,与土壤相对含水率θ的相关系数较小;(3)恢复时间RT与土壤相对含水率θ的相关系数最高,且受水分亏缺处理的影响较小,可以作为诊断玉米水分亏缺状况的较好指标。综上可知,与MDS和DI相比,RT更适合诊断夏玉米水分亏缺状况。     

不同流量工况下混流泵压力脉动试验

为了研究混流泵叶轮和导叶非定常时序干涉引起的压力脉动特性,通过试验对混流泵泵体关键测点进行了压力脉动测量,分析了不同流量工况下叶轮进口、叶轮中部、叶轮出口、导叶进口、导叶出口以及装置出口等位置压力脉动的时域和频域响应。研究结果表明:叶轮旋转周期较大程度影响了叶轮进口、叶轮中部监测点的压力脉动,脉动曲线出现了与叶轮叶片数相一致的4个波峰和4个波谷,压力脉动主频为叶轮叶片通过频率;叶轮和导叶的动静干涉作用使得叶轮出口和导叶进口监测点压力脉动在小流量工况下分别出现7~12个波峰和波谷,压力脉动频谱范围变大,分频成分增多,主频随着流量减小向高频方向偏移,动静干涉诱导的流体激振以及噪声等高频成分出现并逐渐增多。叶轮中部监测点的压力脉动幅值最大且对流量变化最敏感,远离叶轮区各监测点的压力脉动受流量变化的影响较小。     

Durum wheat landraces from Syria

Syrian durum wheat landraces from diverse collection sites were evaluated for agronomic performance under arid conditions over two seasons at four locations, at two levels of nutrient availability.Grain yield differed considerably among locations. Within locations, significant population and fertilizer effects were demonstrated. In most cases, maximum yield was achieved by landraces, which demonstrates the breeding value of local germplasm. In a particular environment, the population effect was nonsignificant for total dry matter production, but significant for straw and grain yield. Nitrogen application was ineffective if moisture availability was the dominant growth limiting factor.Correlations between plant characteristics at evaluation and collection site characteristics were limited, and therefore, their utilization in germplasm evaluation appear limited. The negative relation between grain yield and soil nitrogen content at the collection site may be caused by the comparative disadvantage that germplasm from regions with favourable growing conditions has under low-yielding conditions.Particular environmental conditions at the collection site were no indicator for the response to changed growing conditions. Relatively high grain yields under good and adverse growing conditions excluded each other in all but two cases. Also, it was difficult to relate grain yield to regions of collection, as the response of individual landraces from a certain region to changing growing conditions differed strongly. Differentiation on the basis of landrace groups appears more promising. The Hauran landrace group provided the largest number of populations with relatively high grain yields over diverse environments.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌固体发酵条件及其优化研究

为了优化纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵条件及确定适宜固态发酵培养基,以芽孢数为指标,采用固体发酵方法,研究了培养基组成、固液比、接种量、pH、培养基装量和发酵时间等发酵条件对芽孢数的影响,并通过响应面分析法确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵的最佳发酵条件。结果表明：适宜的发酵条件为：麦麸58%、沸石粉34%、豆饼粉5.35%、葡萄糖2%、KH₂PO₄0.5%、MgSO₄?7H₂O0.15%、pH 7.56、固液比1:1.1、装量50.39g/250mL三角瓶、接种量4.16%、发酵时间4d。在此条件下,芽孢数达到6.48×10₁₀cfu/g。     

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index, and duration of spring wheat across Europe in response to CO2 and ozone

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index (LAI), and duration (LAD) of spring wheat cv. Minaret, grown in open-top chambers at different sites throughout Europe for up to 3 years at each site, were investigated in response to elevated CO₂ (ambient CO₂×2) and ozone (ambient ozone ×1.5) concentrations.

Phenological development varied among experiments and was partly explained by differences in temperature among sites and years. There was a weak positive relationship between the thermal rate of development and the mean daylength for the period from emergence to anthesis. Main stems produced on average 7.7 leaves with little variation among experiments. Variation was higher for the thermal rate of leaf emergence, which was partly explained by differences in the rate of change of daylength at plant emergence among seasons. Phenological development, rate of leaf emergence and final leaf number were not affected by CO₂ and ozone exposure. Responses of tillering and LAI to CO₂ and ozone exposure were significant only in some experiments. However, the direction of responses was consistent for most experiments. The number of tillers and ears per plant, respectively, was increased as a result of CO₂ enrichment by about 13% at the beginning of stem elongation (DC31), at anthesis and at maturity. Exposure to ozone had no effect on tillering. LAI was increased as a result of CO₂ elevation by about 11% at DC31 and by about 14% at anthesis. Ozone exposure reduced LAI at anthesis by about 9%. No such effect was observed at DC31. There were very few interactive effects of CO₂ and ozone on tillering and LAI. Variations in tillering and LAI, and their responses to CO₂ and ozone exposure, were partly explained by single linear relationships considering differences in plant density, tiller density and the duration of developmental phases among experiments. Consideration of temperature and incident photosynthetically active radiation in this analysis did not reduce the unexplained variation. There was a negative effect of ozone exposure on leaf area duration at most sites. Direct effects of elevated CO₂ concentration on leaf senescence, both positive and negative, were observed in some experiments. There was evidence in several experiments that elevated CO₂ concentration ameliorated the negative effect of ozone on leaf area duration. It was concluded from these results that an analysis of the interactive effects of climate, CO₂ and ozone on canopy development requires reference to the physiological processes involved.     

Pistillate-parental differences and the ability to produce interspecific hybrids between Lycopersicon esculentum and 'peruvianum-complex' species (L. peruvianum and L. chilense)

To overcome the cross-breeding barriers between the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum and the ‘peruvianum-complex’, hybrid production ability (HPA) and pistillate-parental differences were investigated. As a criterion of HPA, the number of germinated ovules per fruit (GPF) was used. GPF was expressed as GPF = OPF × GPO, where OPF is the number of ovules per fruit, and GPO is the proportion of germinated ovules to total ovules obtained. The interspecific crossing between nine varieties and three ‘peruvianum-complex’ accessions revealed that the cultivars ‘Sekaiichi’,‘Ponde Rooza’ and ‘Early Pink’ showed quite high and stable GPF over the years, but the cv.‘Best of All’ produced no hybrids. Variance analysis for GPF, OPF and GPO, and their correlation with seven sexual organ morphological traits and three fruit morphological traits were performed. These results indicated that choosing both the pistillate parents with wider reproductive organs for high OPF and appropriate environmental conditions for high GPO might be significant for enhancing GPF in interspecific crossing.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌株P-r21抑菌广谱性及对番茄灰霉病的防治

为明确内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)菌株P-r21的抑菌广谱性及对番茄灰霉病的防治效果,本研究优化了菌株P-r21发酵条件,利用平板对峙法测定了该菌株对6种病原菌的抑菌活性及对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)孢子萌发的抑制作用,并通过离体接种试验研究了对番茄灰霉病的防效。结果表明：菌株P-r21最佳发酵条件为在PYJ中培养初始pH 6.0,培养时间为12 h。菌株P-r21对供试的6种植物病原菌(Botrytis cinerea、Fusarium proliferatum、Rhizoctonia cerealis、Gaeumannomyces graminis、Fusarium graminearum、Colletotrichum karstii)的生长均表现出抑制作用;对C. karstii和B.cinerea抑制作用最强,抑菌率达到88.0%和84.5%。发酵滤液对B. cinerea孢子萌发抑制率达80.6%,对叶片和果实灰霉病的防效达到100%和80.0%;发酵液10倍稀释后防效也可达到67.1%和60.7%。本研究明...     

星-地结合对水稻高温热害监测模型的研究

全球气温变暖和高温事件的频繁出现,水稻遭受高温热害而造成严重损失的概率随之增加。笔者基于星-地结合的方法研究水稻高温热害监测模型,模型利用遥感的手段提取水稻种植区、反演水稻抽穗开花期、估算最高气温和平均气温,同时结合自动气象站的数据与遥感估算气温重构更精确、更完整、更客观的最高、平均气温的数据,最终根据水稻高温热害指标判断水稻高温热害并完成模型的构建。此模型能实现水稻抽穗开花期高温热害的定性、定量、程度的监测。对2017年安徽省高温热害的监测和检验结果显示,模型达到了较好的使用效果。     

基于气温预报和神经网络的参考作物腾发量预报

采用反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)逼近气象因子-参考作物腾发量ET0函数关系,以天气预报中的最高和最低气温为输入进行短期ET0预报。收集了南京站实测的2010年7月1日至2013年7月7日逐日气象数据和2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日逐日对未来7d的气象预报数据,以最高、最低气温及相应的日序数为3个输入因子,ET0为输出建立一个包含一个隐含层的3层BP网络,以2010年7月1日至2012年6月30日实测气象数据及通过FAO-56PM公式计算的ET0进行网络,以2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日实测气象数据及通过FAO-56PM公式计算的ET0进行网络验证。将2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日逐日对未来7d的气象预报中的最高、最低气温输入训练及验证后的网络,得到2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日逐日对未来7d的ET0预报值,并与FAO-56PM公式计算的ET0值进行比较以验证预报精度。结果表明,预见期1~7d内,预报的ET0和计算的ET0变化趋势基本一致,预报精度随着预见期的增加而降低;平均准确率(±1.5mm/d以内)达88.08%,相关系数为0.77,均方根误差为1.28mm/d,显示出了较高的预报精度。在局部时间段内出现的ET0,PM和预报ET0的较大差别的原因是该时段内的ET0更多地受到除了日最高和最低气温之外的其他因素的影响。提出的方法 ET0预报,随着气象预报准确度的提高,可实现较为精确的ET0预报。