基于云模型推理的施肥机营养液pH值调节过程控制

针对精准施肥机营养液的pH值调节过程控制本质非线性、时滞性、时变性、不确定性等特点,建立了描述该过程的数学模型。利用云模型能够处理定性概念和定量描述之间不确定转换的特点,提出了一种基于云模型推理的变论域模糊PI控制(CVFPI)算法。该算法采用正态云模型描述系统误差和误差变化率的语言值,通过X条件隶属云和Y条件隶属云分别实现规则前件和规则后件的推理,利用伸缩因子实时调整输入输出变量论域,由二维云推理机实现控制参数的在线修正。为验证该算法的有效性和优越性,分别对CVFPI、VFPI、PI等3种控制算法进行了仿真测试和田间试验。试验结果表明,提出的CVFPI控制算法能够适应精准施肥pH值调节过程的控制要求,相比于常规PI控制算法和VFPI控制算法,在不同工作点条件下超调量分别减小45.3%、21.2%,均方根误差分别减小54.9%、52.9%,在不同流量条件下超调量分别减小59.0%、48.4%,均方根误差分别减小54.1%、37.9%,具有较好的动态特性和稳态特性。     

基于解域的四位置空间RCCC机构综合

将Burmester理论从平面及球面拓展到一般空间领域,给出了空间RCCC机构的一种综合方法。一般情况下,综合RCCC机构最多能给定连杆的3个位置。而4C机构的四位置综合可以得到无穷多解,因此可先建立4C机构无穷多解的解域,再在解域中找到主动杆与机架间C副无滑动位移的点作为R副,从而得到RC连架杆,最终获得RCCC机构。具体方法为:首先根据给定的4个位置的姿态角求解出满足要求的解曲线,并根据解曲线建立球面4R机构解域。其次在球面4R机构解域上选取一点作为RCCC机构运动副轴线方向的矢量,再与给定的4个位置的空间坐标结合求解出满足要求的解直线,进而根据解直线建立空间4C机构的解域。最后在空间4C机构的解域图中找到通过4个位置时主动杆与机架间C副无滑动位移的点作为R副,构成满足要求的空间RCCC机构。本文最后通过给出的数值示例证明了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

有机栽培水肥一体化系统设计与试验

A water and fertilizer integrated system for organic cultivation was designed. The system integrated functions of preparing and compounding organic liquid as well as automatical irrigation. Through different subroutines of the system, the aerobic fermentation of organic materials, liquid filtration, compounding and dilution of stock solution, and decision and execution of irrigation strategy can be conducted. Thus, the integration of preparation and management of nutrient solution in organic cultivation, as well as high efficiency and fine management in water and fertilizer could be achieved. In order to verify the reliability and applicability of the system, coconut chaff was selected as organic matrix and non soil and organic cultivation experiment of cucumber was carried out in the solar greenhouse. The results showed that the system was operated stably in preparation of organic liquid and management of water and fertilizer was good in cucumber cultivation. The mechanization and automation of organic fertilizer and water management was implemented. The yield of cucumber was up to 48165kg/hm2, the content of total soluble sugar, vitamin C and titratable acidity were 2.7%, 99.2mg/kg and 008%, respectively. The development and application of this system would break through the bottleneck that existed in water and fertilizer management in organic cultivation, and it had important realistic significances.     

基于博弈论赋权的灌溉用水效率GRA—TOPSIS评价模型

在构建区域灌溉用水效率综合评价指标体系的基础上,运用博弈论(Game theory,GT)思想将层次分析法(Analytic hierarchy process,AHP)所得主观权重与改进熵值法(Improved entropy value method,IEVM)所得客观权重进行综合集成以获取组合权值,并将灰色关联分析(Gray relation analysis,GRA)与逼近理想解排序(Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)相结合,以三江平原10个大型灌区为例进行验证,对区域灌溉用水效率作综合评价。采用Spearman等级相关系数检验灌溉水有效利用系数排序与GRA-TOPSIS法排序,得到的相关系数高达0.863,且GRA-TOPSIS法、GRA法、TOPSIS法对同一灌区综合排序的位次相差均不超过2,表明评价结果具有合理性和一致性;GRA-TOPSIS法所得综合值的极差为0.343,变异系数为0.267,均高于单独使用GRA法或TOPSIS法的极差与变异系数,更有利于对灌区灌溉用水效率进行辨识分区。此外,根据目标层与准则层排序差异度将灌区分为3类,辨识各灌区灌溉用水效率主控因子,对区域灌溉用水效率发展策略的制定具有参考价值。     

水培番茄、黄瓜营养液管理专家系统的构建

针对无土栽培的技术核心——营养液管理，构建了水培番茄、黄瓜的营养液管理专家系统，以促进无土栽培技术在中国大面积的推广和应用。该文详细介绍了该专家系统的设计目标、结构和功能设计的过程以及知识库的构成；构建了番茄、黄瓜在不同生育期对氮、磷、钾、钙等大量元素的吸收模型，组成动态模型库；优化了番茄、黄瓜在逆境(高温、低温、寡照等)生长条件下对营养液的管理。在大量搜集水培知识和营养液管理数据的基础上，基本实现了对水培番茄、黄瓜不同生育期的营养液浓度(EC)，酸碱度(pH)，氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)等营养元素浓度，以及营养液温度、溶解氧浓度的管理和决策。     

不同液土比和温度条件下塿土铵离子吸附

Effects of NH₄⁺ concentration, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH₄⁺ adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH₄⁺ adsorption isotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and k, the coefficient related to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soil ratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the value of ∂q/∂c, the rate of change of the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q) with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicating that q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 ℃, ∂q/∂SSR, the rate of change of q with respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR, while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, ∂q/∂T, the rate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -0.095 to -0.361, indicating that q decreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperature became larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance in determining the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was ∂q/∂SSR > ∂q/∂c > |∂q/∂T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed was with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ had a lesser effect; and temperature had the least effect.     

弱光与偏低温弱光下温室黄瓜耐性指标的研究

采用弱光以及偏低温与弱光互作对4个生态型的16个黄瓜品种进行苗期处理,结果表明:弱光、偏低温弱光均未显著影响到黄瓜的光合系统Ⅱ,但对黄瓜叶绿素荧光参数M峰以及荧光猝灭系数(qN)有影响,各生态型的反应不一。弱光与偏低温组合时,弱光对黄瓜的影响处于主导地位。弱光(60~80μm o lm-2.-s 1)、偏低温(20℃/12℃)弱光胁迫下不同黄瓜的叶面积增长量与其已知的低温弱光耐性一致。与各项生理指标相比,叶面积更适宜作低温弱光耐受性的评价指标,以子叶展开时进行弱光处理为最佳。     

不同硝酸钾溶液浓度对垂直一维入渗特性影响研究

通过室内不同浓度溶液的垂直一维入渗试验,分析了不同浓度碳酸钾溶液影响下的湿润锋和累积入渗量的变化规律以及土壤含水量和硝态氮浓度的分布规律,由不同浓度溶液累积入渗量,依据GREEN-AMPT入渗模型,反推出湿润锋面平均吸力和饱和导水率,结果表明增大溶液浓度提高了垂直一维入渗的饱和导水率,但减小了湿润锋面的平均吸力,溶液浓度通过影响湿润体的饱和导水率和湿润锋面的平均吸力来影响入渗量,二者的综合作用是增大了入渗量。     

白桦容器栽培试验(Ⅱ)——循环潮水式灌溉栽培法的营养液研究

该实验采用循环潮水式灌施营养液法对适合白桦容器育苗栽培用的营养液浓度进行了比较试验 .对不同营养液处理的试材白桦生长状况 (包括植株生长量、叶绿素合量、光合能力及叶片营养元素含量等 )进行分析比较 ,结果表明 :不同浓度处理的欧洲盆花标准营养液Sonneveld液中 ,以 1S浓度处理的白桦小苗生长表现最佳 .用山崎肯哉公式计算得出 ,适合白桦容器育苗栽培的最佳营养液配方为大量元素 (mmol·L- 1 ) :N 9 16 ,P 3 48,K 3 78,Ca3 2 5 ,Mg 0 79.     

土壤溶液中硒的价态变换及其影响因素

从理论上讨论了土壤硒的价态及其溶解性，土壤溶中不同形态的硒的溶解平衡与可能存在的Se(Ⅵ）的变价反应，土壤溶液中硒的价态转换的影响因素，特别是氧化还电位与PH对淹水土壤溶液中硒的价态变换的影响，并推导出Se的价态转换的PH－Eh图，根据pH-Eh图，可以预测土壤溶液中硒的价态变换与PH－Eh图关系。