The biological and practical significance of antigenic variability in protective T cell responses against Theileria parva

The evolution of antigenically distinct pathogen strains that fail to cross-protect is well documented for pathogens controlled primarily by humoral immune responses. Unlike antibodies, which recognise native proteins, protective T cells can potentially recognise epitopes in a variety of proteins that are not necessarily displayed on the pathogen surface. Moreover, individual hosts of different MHC genotypes generally respond to different sets of epitopes. It is therefore less easy to envisage how strain restricted immunity can arise for pathogens controlled by T cell responses, particularly in antigenically complex parasites. Nevertheless, strain restricted immunity is clearly a feature of a number of parasitic infections, where immunity is known to be mediated by T cell responses. One such parasite is Theileria parva which induces potent CD8 T cell responses that play an important role in immunity. CD8 T cells specific for parasitized lymphoblasts exhibit strain specificity, which appears to correlate with the ability of parasite strains to cross-protect. Studies using recently identified T. parva antigens recognised by CD8 T cells have shown that the strain restricted nature of immunity is a consequence of the CD8 T cell response in individual animals being focused on a limited number of dominant polymorphic antigenic determinants. Responses in animals of different MHC genotypes are often directed to different parasite antigens, indicating that, at the host population level, a larger number of parasite proteins can serve as targets for the protective T cell response. Nevertheless, the finding that parasite strains show overlapping antigenic profiles, probably as a consequence of sexual recombination, suggests that induction of responses to an extended but limited set of antigens in individual animals may overcome the strain restricted nature of immunity.     

可持续发展的理论分析及实现途径初探

论述了持续发展的概念,内涵、主体和目标。指出持续发展是全球空间系统的发展进化,其主体是人,最终目标是实现人类的全面发展和进步。讨论了持续发展的评价,经济增长与持续发展以及持续发展与精神文明建设的关系等问题。说明了两种不同的持续发展方式,并分析了中国可持续发展战略及实现途径。     

蚜茧蜂对麦蚜控制作用的初步研究

本文应用二次通用旋转组合设计的方法进行了蚜茧蜂对麦蚜寄生能力的研究,得出了蚜茧蜂的寄生量模型：Ｙ＝９１．４０＋４３．６２Ｘ１＋２０．２７Ｘ２＋７．２５Ｘ１Ｘ２－１６．８３Ｘ１＾２＋３．４３Ｘ２＾２。并对模型进行了分析,表明对总寄生量的影响因素中麦蚜密度的大小大于蚜茧蜂本身密度的大小。在试验密度范围内,蚜虫和蚜茧蜂干扰作用不明显,且有相互促进的作用,但增加速度相同。     

南方大口鲶寄生鲶盘虫一新种——拟凶恶鲶盘虫↑（*）

本文报道了采自南方鲶SilurusmeridionalisChen鳃上之寄生鲶盘虫1新种,定名为拟凶恶鲶盘虫Silurodiscoidesparasotisp.nov.。其后固着器由2对中央大钩和7对发育不完全的雏形边缘小钩组成;雄性交接器由弯曲似长号状交接管和“6”字形片状支持器组成。并与相似种进行了比较研究,同时对南方大口鲶苗期鲶盘虫病进行了研究。     

Glochidial infestation of fish by the endangered thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus

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Local adaptation studies and conservation: Parasite–host interactions between the endangered freshwater mussel Unio crassus and its host fish

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Invasive Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana threatens native mussel reproduction by inducing cross‐resistance of host fish

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Early stages of Margaritifera margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon: Morphopathological characterization

Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida encyst into the fish mucosa to metamorphose and complete their life cycle, causing a parasitic disease known as glochidiosis. This parasitic stage represents a bottleneck for the survival of naiads, particularly for critically endangered species as Margaritifera margaritifera; however, little is known about the events occurring during this critical stage. Therefore, this study aimed to histologically characterize the development of M. margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon to get insight into the pathogenesis of this interaction. Fish exposed to glochidia were sampled during the first 44 days post-exposure, and organs were observed by stereomicroscopy and light microscopy. Glochidia attached to the gills by pinching the lamellar epithelium, whereupon an acute proliferative branchitis engulfed most of the larvae. However, during the first 14 days, a severe detachment of unviable glochidia occurred, associated with the presence of pleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial degeneration. In the cases where larvae remained attached, a chronification of the lesions with none to scarce inflammation was observed. These results provide key information to better understand the complex host–parasite interaction during the early stages of glochidiosis and provide valuable information to optimize artificial rearing of naiads in conservation of threatened freshwater mussel populations.     

寡日照天气对设施番茄生长影响模拟研究

为了定量化表征寡日照天气对设施番茄生长的影响,本研究基于EPIC模型(erosion-productivity impact calculator)的作物生长模块,构建了寡日照条件下设施番茄生长模型。考虑低温的影响,对株高的模拟方法进行了改进。利用4个不同播期秋冬茬番茄栽培试验数据对构建模型进行参数率定和检验。结果表明,该模型可以模拟寡日照天气条件下设施番茄株高、地上部生物量和叶面积指数的变化,模拟值与实测值的相对误差分别控制在16%、10%和16%以内。根据2012-2015年11月份的温室气象数据设定不同的情形,模拟设施番茄的生长状况。结果表明,寡日照天气对设施番茄地上部生物量增加的影响要大于对叶面积指数和株高的影响。该模型可用于定量描述寡日照天气对设施番茄生长过程的影响,可为制定设施番茄合理的环境调控策略提供指导。