Deposition of spray liquid on the soil below cereal crops after applications during the growing season

The aim of this study was to investigate how big a proportion of the spray liquid applied in a typical application was deposited on the soil surface below the crop. From an agronomical point of view this part of the spray is an undesirable loss of foliar acting pesticides during application and it also constitutes a primary source of leaching and surface run‐off. The investigation was carried out during 1998–2001 in winter wheat and in spring barley. Applications were carried out at approximate intervals of 10 days during the whole growing season in the two cereal crops. The results showed that a high proportion of the spray liquid reaches the soil below the crop during applications at early growth stages corresponding to the growth stages where weed control on farms is carried out. At later growth stages soil deposition declined and reached values below 5% of the applied dose in winter wheat after inflorescence emergence (50–59 BBCH). The spring barley crops remained more open and minimum soil deposit values were approximately 15% of the applied dose at growth stages (50–59 BBCH). During ripening soil deposition values increased again as crop cover decreased.     

Mobilities of Organic Compounds in Reconstituted Cuticular Wax of Barley Leaves: Effects of Monodisperse Alcohol Ethoxylates on Diffusion of Pentachlorophenol and Tetracosanoic Acid

Effects of monodisperse alcohol ethoxylates on mobilities of ¹⁴C-labelled pentachlorophenol (PCP) and tetracosanoic acid (C₂₄AC) in reconstituted cuticular wax of barley leaves were measured. Depending on the respective alcohol ethoxylate investigated, the diffusion coefficient (D) of PCP in barley wax was increased by factors ranging from 3·3 to 19·6, whereas D of C₂₄AC, was increased by factors varying between 22 and 315. In order to analyse the relationship between the concentration of surfactants in the wax and their effects on D, the amounts of alcohol ethoxylates dissolved in the wax at equilibrium with external concentrations well above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined. Wax/water partition coefficients (K_ww) of the alcohol ethoxylates were about one order of magnitude lower than cuticle/water partition coefficients (K_cw), which is a consequence of the semi-crystalline structure of the wax compared with amorphous cutin. Correlations between effects on D and maximum amounts of alcohol ethoxylates dissolved in the wax were obtained indicating an unspecific wax/surfactant interaction. This was solely dependent on the amount of surfactant sorbed to the wax, leading to increased mobilities of pesticides in the wax. Applying ESR-spectroscopy, which gave an insight into the molecular structure of the wax, supported this interpretation of an unspecific plasticising effect of the alcohol ethoxylates on the molecular structure of the wax. The results obtained in this study are in good accordance with the results obtained in a recent study investigating the effects of the same group of alcohol ethoxylates on mobilities of pesticides in isolated, but intact, cuticular membranes of Citrus. This demonstrates that the investigation of isolated and subsequently reconstituted cuticular wax is a useful model system analysing the mechanisms of the surfactant interaction with the transport-limiting barrier of plant cuticles.     

利率市场化背景下农商行存款利息与利税研究

农村商业银行简称农商银行,是根据国内实际发展情况所建设的一个农村金融组织机构,其 发展与农村经济有直接联系,对农村经济的发展起到关键性作用。但是,在当前社会经济快速发展的 时代背景下,利息利税也有相对应的调整,这就使得各大银行财务管理有所改变,为了及时避免财务 管理中出现的问题,紧跟着市场发展的步伐,农商银行的利息利税改变应根据实际情况,制定有效的 应对措施,明确发展方向。结合A 农商银行为出发点,分析利息利税在日常财务管理中如何开展工作 进行分析,并制定相对应的措施。     

不同砧木材料嫁接冬瓜苗期氮营养特性综合评价

评价冬瓜砧木的氮素营养效率,解决冬瓜氮肥施用过量的问题.以'铁柱168'为接穗,获得11种嫁接苗,以自根苗为对照,分别在低氮(0.5 mmol/L)和正常氮(14.0 mmol/L)水平下进行水培试验,测定11种砧木材料的嫁接冬瓜苗期的植株干物量、氮含量和氮素累积量等指标.通过主成分分析计算嫁接苗与自根苗在正常氮和低氮...     

红壤旱地木薯间作冬瓜高效种植模式

为了提高土地生产力和增加农民收入,本文总结了一套红壤旱地木薯间作冬瓜高效种植模式。     

Properties of Compound Systems of Paraffin Wax Emulsion and Copper Azole and Treated Wood

[目的]木材的防腐与防水,是木材保护的重要方面,它对延长木材的使用寿命、拓宽其应用范围具有重要的意义。[方法]本研究以环保型防腐剂铜唑（CA）与石蜡乳液防水剂复合处理木材,并对复配体系的基本性能,包括稳定性（储存稳定性和离心稳定性）、粒径和pH值等,以及复配处理材的防水性（吸水性、干缩性及湿胀性）进行了考察。[结果及结论]研究发现：（1）CA与石蜡防水剂进行复配具有良好的混容性及稳定性,不同配比的复配体系其储存稳定性与离心稳定性均可达到1级水平,可存放较长时间不致出现破乳现象。（2） CA不能改善处理材的防水效果。但是,经 CA与石蜡防水剂复配体系处理的试材,其吸水性和尺寸稳定性均得到明显改善。     

莲雾黑腐病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性研究

通过病害症状观察、分离菌致病性测定,以及分离菌株的形态和培养性状观察、rDNA-ITS序列分析将从莲雾果实上分离到的菌株FJAT-9860鉴定为可可毛色二孢菌Lasiodiplodia theobromae.菌株FJAT-9860在PDA培养基上菌落最初为白色,后逐渐变为灰色到黑色.分生孢子为单细胞,无色透明,椭圆形至圆形.ITS序列分析表明,菌株FJAT-9860与Lasiodi plodia theobromae strain亲缘关系最近,同源性为99％.该菌株最适生长温度为25℃,最适生长pH值为8.0,不同碳源对菌株FJAT-9860的生长影响不同,最佳碳源为甘露醇.     

Steedman’s wax包埋切片DAPI染色法证实铝诱导花生根尖细胞程序性死亡

【目的】检验Steedman’swax包埋切片DAPI染色法是否适用于观察花生根尖细胞核形态。【方法】分别采取100μmol/L AlCl3处理不同时间（0、4、8、12 h）后两个花生品种（铝敏感型中花2号和耐铝型99-1507）的根尖,经过Steedman’s wax包埋切片等一系列过程,利用荧光染料DAPI染色观察细胞核形态变化。【结果】100μmol/L AlCl3可引起花生根尖细胞核形态发生改变,核质浓缩、核边缘化、呈新月状等,具有明显的PCD特征。花生根尖细胞在铝胁迫下发生PCD,PCD程度与花生耐铝性呈负相关,与处理时间呈正相关。【结论】Steedman’swax包埋切片DAPI染色法是一种快速、高效的适用于观察花生根尖细胞核形态的方法。