Nanometer Scale Surface Roughness Measurement Based on AFM

The datum line and mainly three profile height parameters of surface roughness are briefly introduced and the operation principle and system structure of AFM. IPC - 208B with high-resolution, which was successfully developed by Chongqing University, are described in detail, and the emphasis is laid on its application on the nanometer scale surface roughness. Taking stainless steel for example, its micro-structure was observed, and the surface data were analyzed and transacted by special evaluator and the values of three profile height parameters were obtained. Finally the experimental results are briefly analyzed.     

Exploring Harmonious Protection of Land Resources in City Construction

Urbanization in China is at an essential point in its transformation from the initial stage to accelerating stage. With quick expansion of city scale and large occupation of land for urban construction, the contradiction between land resource shortage and people's living needs becomes more and more prominent. It has great affection on the grand plan of China's sustainable development of economy and society. How to adjust the relations between the development of urban construction and protect the land resource, promote the rational use of urban land, perfect and complete the protection system of land resource for improving the efficiency of urban land use. In order to conserve land resource and find a sustainable way for development of people's living and environment construction, the above mentioned problems are the most important issue for urban construction and important subject of this paper.     

发展节水灌溉应注意的几个原则性技术问题

21世纪初期，我国将以空前的规模发展节水灌溉事业，计划安排大量的全国性节水灌溉项目。为了合理、高效地开展这些项目的规划、设计、建设与运行管理工作，使其节水效果好、经济效益高，提高出应注意以下五方面原则性的技术问题：节水灌溉的涵义与目的、技术措施体系、尺度效应、效果评估指标体系、主攻方向。并对这些问题进行了具体论述。     

基于DEM模型的流域参数识别方法研究

探讨了利用数学高程模型识别流域分水线、确定坡面水流方向以及计算流域参数的方法。通过实验流域的数据验证 ,表明该法能正确计算流域的有关参数 ,自动勾绘流域分水线 ,确定坡面水流方向。从而为分布式水文物理模型的研制提供坚实的基础     

A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hillside watersheds

Development and population growth in Latin American countries with steep slope farming are likely to further increase pressures on water and land resources. A methodology was developed for assessing water availability and use under different development pathways at a watershed scale to determine whether water security is a potential problem, and if so, under what conditions it is likely to occur. This methodology makes use of a GIS-based spatial water budget model for simulating stream water availability, water use and stream flow control on a daily basis at a watershed scale. Here, we analysed water availability under three plausible development scenarios for the 3246 ha Cabuyal River watershed in southwest Colombia in the year 2025: Corporate Farming (CF), Ecological Watershed (EW), and Business as Usual (BU). Simulated average river flows at the watershed outlet were, respectively, 874, 796 and 925 l s⁻¹ for the CF, EW and BU scenarios. The contribution of base flow to river flow (base flow index) was on average, 80.8, 85.6 and 77.9%, respectively, for the three scenarios. The watershed had the potential to meet the anticipated increase in water use under each explorative scenario. However, dams were necessary to store irrigation water in the CF scenario, otherwise over 60% of the available water would have been used during the dry season. Such a high figure raises concerns about effects on aquatic and riparian ecology, concentrations of potential contaminants, water reserves for especially low rainfall years, and the watershed resilience to meet temporarily higher water needs during the day. Analyses indicated that current water-use conflicts in the watershed can be resolved if irrigation water supply is separated from drinking water supply. This study helped reduce some of the complexity associated with the interdependencies between land and water resources, the impact of using them, and spatial linkages within the watershed. Results of this study can be used for teaching local stakeholders about basic landscape responses and helping multi-institutional alliances to become proactive and to guide development to the benefit of local communities.     

蛇腹鳞表面的超微结构及减阻机理

用原子力显微镜观测了竹叶青蛇、短尾蝮蛇和赤链华游蛇腹鳞表面的超微结构,分析了腹鳞表面的减阻机理。结果表明:3种蛇腹鳞表面的超微结构均为微凸体、微孔和凹坑周期排列的规律结构;蛇的栖息环境不同,超微结构的排间距、微凸体长度以及微孔的直径、数量不同。从陆栖到水栖,微凸体长度逐渐减小,微孔数量逐渐增加。微凸体减少了腹鳞和地面间的实际接触面积,从而减小了滑动时的粘着力;腹鳞表面的疏水性,减少了接触面间水的粘附力。     

太行山前平原井灌农田点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟

基于中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站2002—2008年夏玉米生长期内的土壤水分观测数据及2000—2008年的降水(灌溉)、气象、生物数据,结合Laio土壤水分动态随机模型研究了太行山山前平原典型农田点尺度土壤水分动态的随机性。结果表明:研究区2000—2008年夏玉米生长期内日平均降水量为10.71 mm,降水频率0.290 9,其中小雨、暴雨的发生频率表现出明显上升趋势,中雨的发生频率呈显著下降趋势,大雨发生频率表现出微弱下降倾向;玉米生长期的土壤含水率6月份处于增长期,7月份达到生长期最高值并稳定在32.2%的水平,8月份以后下降并在9月份趋于稳定;Laio模型模拟得到土壤相对湿度的概率密度函数在曲线形状(峰值、峰值出现的位置、90%置信区间)与数字特征(中位数、均值、方差)方面与观测结果一致(α=0.05),模型在井灌区具有很好的适用性,且可以将灌溉作为一次降雨事件来处理;应用Laio模型得到在多年平均降雨条件下,32.1 mm的田间净灌溉量可以在50%水平上使夏玉米生长期内的土壤含水率保持在田间持水量的80%以上。     

小型农产品分选机设计与试验

针对家庭农场及小规模营销的需要,设计了基于机器视觉的小型农产品分选机。农产品在平胶带上形成多通道阵列式输送,以DSP作为机器视觉单元的核心,采集一帧图像可分析多个通道,并根据农产品的形状、颜色等图像特征进行分选。在水平输送速度为9.2 cm/s、农产品输送间隔为16 cm、4通道并行输送的条件下,选用核桃、红枣及栗子3种农产品进行了分选机性能测试。试验表明,机器能够可靠工作;核桃、红枣和栗子的分选准确性分别为91.66%、94.79%和97.39%;分选速度达8 800个/h。因此采用DSP芯片作为小型分选机的机器视觉核心是可行的,可以为农产品分选机的小型化、低成本提供技术支持。