Response of common wheat varieties to organic and conventional production systems across Italian locations,and implications for selection

Specific breeding for organic systems may help reduce their yield gap relative to conventional systems by exploiting genotype × system (GS) interaction. Likewise, specific breeding for distinct subregions within a region could capitalize on genotype × location (GL) interaction. Grain yield and test weight of common wheat varieties were evaluated under organic and conventional systems in ten locations spanning from northern to southern Italy, with the objectives of: (i) comparing production systems; (ii) investigating the extent of GS and GL interactions and their relationship with genotypic and environmental characteristics; and (iii) preliminarily comparing, in terms of predicted selection gains, different strategies to cope with GS and GL effects. These effects were investigated in the 2-year Data set 1 including seven genotypes. GS effects were also assessed in the annual Data sets 2 and 3 including 13 and 11 genotypes, respectively. The yield reduction of organic systems relative to conventional ones averaged 28% in Data set 1, 29% in Data set 2 and 14% in Data set 3. Organic systems also tended to a modest test weight reduction. Genetic correlations between systems ranged from high to very high (0.88 ≤ r_g ≤ 0.98) for yield and test weight, owing to nil or limited GS interaction. Broad-sense heritability tended to be higher in conventional systems than organic ones for yield in two data sets (mainly due to lower experimental error) while being similar in the two systems in the other cases. Predicted selection gains suggested nil (yield) or very modest (test weight) advantage of direct selection in organic systems relative to indirect selection in conventional systems, when targeting organic systems. The scope for selection only in conventional systems was reinforced when comparing predicted gains for selection scenarios which target both systems in relation to their foreseeable marketing importance. GL effects for yield and test weight were significant and were modeled by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis. Site classification based on GL effects for yield revealed a larger subregion A including northern and central Italy and a smaller subregion B comprising southern Italy, accordingly with previous, independent studies. Yield selection only in subregion A (with indirect selection gain for subregion B) implied slightly higher predicted gain for A (+4%) and much lower gain for B (−24%) relative to independent, direct selection in each subregion. Selection for specific geoclimatic subregions may have greater importance than selection for specific production systems.     

艾米乐在马铃薯栽培上的应用效果

艾米乐是一种新型复合微生物制剂(EM菌肥),在马铃薯苗期叶面喷施和灌根处理,结果表明,艾米乐菌肥具有显著提高马铃薯产量和淀粉含量的功效,增产的主要原因是对马铃薯植株生长发育、各项生理指标、产量性状具有明显提高的效果。     

Genetic assessment of apple germplasm in Bosnia and Herzegovina using microsatellite and morphologic markers

Traditional apple cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), potentially diverse due to specific geographic location and history of the country, represent a possible source of valuable traits for future breeding efforts and sustainable fruit growing. A total of 39 accessions, 24 traditional B&H cultivars and 15 modern international cultivars, maintained at the ex situ apple collection “Srebrenik” in Northeast Bosnia were, investigated using 10 SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers and 23 morphologic characteristics. All the used primer pairs manage to amplify clearly distinguishable and highly polymorphic SSR alleles, in average 10.4 alleles per locus. More than two different alleles per locus were detected for seven accessions (five traditional B&H cultivars and two international cultivars). Forty one unique alleles were exclusively present within the B&H cultivars, while seven unique alleles were only detected within international cultivars. The differentiation between traditional B&H and international cultivars (Fst = 0.060; P < 0.0001) was significant, also confirmed by analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) (f_CT = 0.092; P < 0.001). Cluster analyses of 39 apple accessions, based on 10 SSR loci, revealed that only two traditional B&H cultivars grouped tightly with international cultivars (Ljepocvjetka and Bobovec Jon), while the rest formed separate clusters. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA), nonparametric multivariate analyses of variance (NPMANOVA) and analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) showed statistically significant difference in morphologic characteristics between traditional B&H cultivars and the international cultivars. Cluster analyses of 39 apple accessions, based on the morphologic data, displayed less differentiation between traditional and international accessions, in comparison to the cluster analyses based on molecular data. No correlation between the molecular and morphologic data set was detected using the Mantel test. Many of the morphologic characteristics which have been analyzed in this study have significant commercial importance, we can assume that unlike the microsatellites these traits have been under agronomic selection pressure.     

Planting density for grafted melon as an alternative to methyl bromide use in Mexico

One of the major challenges of melon (Cucumis melo L.) yield is the decrease of fruit yield and quality caused by soil diseases. Soil disinfection with methyl bromide (MB) has been used to prevent soil-borne diseases damage; however, use of MB is being restricted because this substance damages the ozone layer. Searching for new MB alternatives, field experiments were carried out in open fields in soils infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Olpidium bornovanus, and Melon Necrotic Spot Virus (MNSV) in Colima, Mexico, where melons had only been grown previously using soil fumigation with MB. Yield and quality of melon cultivar Cruiser F1 (Harris Moran seed company) grafted on two rootstocks of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (“RS841”; Séminis seed company and “Shintosa Camelforce”; Nunhens seed company) were evaluated during two consecutive years. Each experiment had five treatments, two of which with non-grafted plants at a density of 18,519 plants/ha, with and without MB fumigation. The other three treatments consisted of grafted plants in non-fumigated soil with plant densities of 14,815, 11,111, and 9260 plants/ha. The use of melon grafted on “RS841” and “Shintosa Camelforce” rootstocks significantly increased the average fruit weight and the total yield of melons in soil without the need for MB. Grafting may be considered an alternative to MB fumigation. With the use of grafted melon plants, planting density may be reduced by 60%, obtaining higher yields than those obtained from non-grafted plants grown on fumigated land. Fruits harvested from grafted plants had equal firmness than those harvested from non-grafted plants, without affecting the content of soluble solids.     

苹果bZIP转录因子家族生物信息学分析及其在休眠芽中的表达

【目的】鉴定苹果（Malus×domestica Borkh.）基因组上的bZIP基因（MdbZIP）,为研究苹果bZIP转录因子提供相关信息以及在芽休眠过程中的调控作用提供理论参考。【方法】通过Pfam下载bZIP隐马尔科夫模型bZIP_1（PF00170）与bZIP_2（PF07716）,利用HMMER 3.0鉴定苹果bZIP基因。使用Clustal Omega、MEGA6.0、MapInspect、DNAMAN 6.0和MEME4.10.2等软件对其蛋白序列进行生物信息学分析。采用Microarray分析与qRT-PCR技术检测苹果bZIP基因在不同处理下及其在高需冷量品种与低需冷量品种中的表达情况。【结果】鉴定得到120个苹果bZIP基因,与拟南芥的系统进化树分析将苹果bZIP分为10个亚家族（A-I和S）。染色体定位分析显示,109个苹果bZIP不均匀分布于17条染色体上,其中,11个基因无匹配的染色体定位。8号染色体上分布最多（13个）,1号染色体分布最少（1个）,一些染色体区域基因密度较高。基因结构分析表明,MdbZIP基因家族外显子数量0-23个,其中23个基因无内含子,分布于F亚家族（4）与S亚家族（19）,基因结构进化高度保守。保守元件分析表明,MdbZIP基因家族包含30个保守元件：元件1为bZIP保守结构域;在D亚家族发现的元件10与G亚家族发现的14为已知元件,另外多数元件功能未知。通过Microarray分析显示,多个MdbZIP均可能与芽休眠的解除相关。qRT-PCR结果显示在不同品种中A亚家族8个MdbZIP均呈现出ABA诱导表达,而D亚家族中随着冷处理时间延长,在需冷量不同的品种中出现多种表达模式。【结论】苹果bZIP基因家族结构高度保守,在ABA与冷处理下呈现不同表达模式,可能参与调控苹果芽休眠进程。     

菊花翻译起始因子4E基因的克隆、 表达分析及其互作蛋白的筛选

【目的】为了研究翻译起始因子4E在菊花中的表达特性及功能,克隆菊花翻译起始因子4E（CmeIF4E）基因,分析其表达特性并初步筛选得到菊花CmeIF4E的互作蛋白。【方法】根据已报道植物的eIF4E序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆菊花eIF4E基因,荧光定量PCR及亚细胞定位分析菊花CmeIF4E的表达特性,并用酵母双杂交系统筛选其互作蛋白。【结果】克隆获得菊花eIF4E基因全长914 bp,其开放阅读框（ORF）654 bp,编码1条包含218个氨基酸残基的多肽,将该基因名为CmeIF4E,GenBank登录号为JQ904591。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化分析表明,菊花CmeIF4E与已报道的莴苣的同源基因亲缘关系最近,该结果与植物分类学相符。荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,CmeIF4E基因在切花菊‘神马’各个器官中均有表达,幼嫩的根中表达量最高,其次是叶片,而茎中表达量最低。亚细胞定位分析发现,CmeIF4E在细胞的核、质、膜上都有表达。筛选得到菊花CmeIF4E互作蛋白,其中包括蛋白翻译和翻译后修饰、光合作用、抗逆和防御等相关蛋白。【结论】CmeIF4E在菊花组织中为组成型表达,亚细胞定位显示其在细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜上都有表达。候选蛋白分析验证了CmeIF4E在翻译起始中的作用,还推测其可能与光合系统、植物的抗逆防御相关,结果为进一步研究该蛋白在菊花中的作用提供了重要依据。     

秦岭北麓猕猴桃嫁接时期研究

【目的】探索秦岭北麓地区猕猴桃主要栽培品种嫁接苗繁育的适宜嫁接时期,为猕猴桃成品苗木的嫁接繁育提供技术支持。【方法】以田间生长的野生"美味猕猴桃"2年生实生苗作砧木,以"海沃德"、"徐香"和"红阳"3个品种作接穗,2010年在猕猴桃旺盛生长的不同时期(06-01,06-15,07-01,07-15,08-01,08-15,09-01,09-15)带木质芽接,测定嫁接成活率、萌芽率、嫁接苗干径、枝条长度及次年萌芽率。【结果】随着嫁接时间的延长,嫁接苗的生长量持续减少,成活率和萌芽率在波动中下降,"海沃德"在08-01后嫁接成活率降为80%以下,"徐香"在09-01后嫁接成活率降为80%以下,"红阳"在各时期的嫁接成活率始终保持在75%以上。08-15后嫁接的3个品种苗木的萌芽率均显著降低,09-01和09-15嫁接获得的成品苗和半成品苗栽植后的次年萌芽率极低,仅为8.00%～26.00%。【结论】秦岭北麓猕猴桃主栽品种"海沃德"、"徐香"和"红阳"嫁接的适宜时期是06-01-08-01,嫁接越早,生长情况越好。3个主栽品种在野生"美味猕猴桃"实生苗上的嫁接成活率、萌芽率和生长情况均以"红阳"最高,"徐香"次之,"海沃德"最低。     

Influence of Watering Methods on the Short-Term Pulse Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Disturbed Horticultural Soil

To reveal the impact of soil disturbance and surface watering (SW) following soil disturbance on the pulse nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, incubated experiments were conducted on disturbed soil with two watering regimes [surface watering only (SWO) and subsurface watering followed by surface watering (SUW+SW)]. Intensive soil disturbance led to pulses N₂O emissions from SUW + SW soil (>8,693 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1 with a peak of 30,938 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1), although the water-filled pore space (WFPS) was substantially lower than the previously reported optimal soil moisture range (45–75% WFPS) for peak N₂O emissions. N₂O emissions from the disturbed soil after SW were much lower than those from SUW + SW soil, increased as the soil dried, and peaked when the WFPS fell within the optimal soil moisture range. These peaks were considerably less than those resulting from the intensive disturbance in SUW + SW soil. Thus, SW after intensive soil disturbance may be effective for mitigating of pulse N₂O emissions caused by soil disturbance.     

Lucerne shoot and root traits associated with adaptation to favourable or drought-stress environments and to contrasting soil types

Cultivar × location interaction for lucerne forage yield across northern Italy is large, repeatable and associated with summer drought-stress level and soil type. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the genotypic factors associated with cultivar adaptive responses to drought-stress and soil factors; (ii) to identify adaptive traits exploitable for selection of widely adapted or specifically adapted material. Aerial dry matter (DM) over 12 harvests and shoot traits of 13 landraces and four varieties were evaluated in four artificial environments created by the factorial combination of drought-stress level (almost nil or high) and soil type (sandy-loam or silty-clay) (Exp. 1). Aerial and root DM over four or five harvests were evaluated in metal containers 55 cm × 12 cm × 75 cm deep for the factorial combinations of three varieties by two drought-stress levels by two soil types (Exp. 2), or six landraces by two drought-stress levels (Exp. 3). Cultivar × environment interaction was detected for forage yield, plant mortality after the second summer, leaflet size and stem weight. The environments of Exp. 1 reproduced well the variety adaptive responses across agricultural environments. The relationship of cultivar forage yield with shoot traits was environment-specific, i.e.: (i) strictly negative with plant mortality, in no-stress environments (where mortality and plant competition were severe); (ii) positive with stem number per plant and autumn-winter growth, in stress environments; (iii) positive with stem dry weight, in ‘stress/sandy-loam soil’; and (iv) positive with leaflet size, in ‘no-stress/sandy-loam soil’. Cultivars specifically adapted to no-stress or sandy-loam conditions showed consistently greater root DM across three soil layers than material with opposite adaptive response. Entry yields tended to inverse genetic correlation between two environments which represented contrasting geographical subregions and were characterized by different combinations of traits associated with higher yield, i.e.: (i) higher root biomass, lower plant mortality and larger leaflets, for ‘no-stress/sandy-loam soil’; and (ii) more stems per plant and greater autumn-winter growth, for ‘stress/silty-clay soil’. The difficulty of yield-based selection for wide adaptation may hardly be overcome by selection based on adaptive traits. Adaptive trait-based selection for specific adaptation may be envisaged especially for ‘stress/silty-clay soil’ conditions, for which the relevant traits are inexpensive to record, not correlated, and not subject to cultivar × environment interaction.     

“三次论战”与李大钊对马克思主义的捍卫

马克思主义是在与各种非马克思主义反复斗争的过程中发展起来的 ,李大钊在“三次论战”中态度坚决、立场鲜明 ,体现了他对马克思主义的坚决捍卫