3R在免疫功能评价实验中应用的研究

利用实验中有共性的程序和个性特点来进行组合式设计的方法,对某受试的保健食品进行免疫功能的测定。结果用 160 只小鼠就完成了 8 个项目 9 项指标的实验。表明采用组合式设计的方法,既可以完成免疫实验所要求的各项指标,又达到减少和优化的目的。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对猪肠道功能的保护作用

动物的肠道完整性在营养、代谢和机体内环境稳定中起着非常重要的作用,是机体抵御内源性和外源性有害物质的第一道屏障.肠上皮细胞的完整性是保障肠道功能的生理基础,肠上皮受损会影响营养物质的吸收,从而降低生产性能和影响动物的健康.N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)是L-半胱氨酸与还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的前体物质,NAC的生理功能和应用效果在很大程度上与维持细胞内的GSH水平有关.饲粮中添加NAC可以缓解脂多糖应激引起的肠黏膜损伤、乙酸刺激引起的结肠炎及改善小肠吸收功能,这些与NAC促进表皮生长因子的生成、抗黏膜细胞凋亡和促进紧密连接蛋白表达有关.本文就NAC对猪肠道功能的保护作用相关研究作一综述.     

Plasma and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Dogs with Acute Kidney Injury or Chronic Kidney Disease

Background

Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a protein that is used in human medicine as a real‐time indicator of acute kidney injury (AKI).

Hypothesis

Dogs with AKI have significantly higher plasma NGAL concentration and urine NGAL‐to‐creatinine ratio (UNCR) compared with healthy dogs and dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Animals

18 healthy control dogs, 17 dogs with CKD, and 48 dogs with AKI.

Methods

Over a period of 1 year, all dogs with renal azotemia were prospectively included. Urine and plasma samples were collected during the first 24 hours after presentation or after development of renal azotemia. Plasma and urine NGAL concentrations were measured with a commercially available canine NGAL Elisa Kit (Bioporto® Diagnostic) and UNCR was calculated. A single‐injection plasma inulin clearance was performed in the healthy dogs.

Results

Median (range) NGAL plasma concentration in healthy dogs, dogs with CKD, and AKI were 10.7 ng/mL (2.5–21.2), 22.0 ng/mL (7.7–62.3), and 48.3 ng/mL (5.7–469.0), respectively. UNCR was 2 × 10⁻⁸ (0–46), 1,424 × 10⁻⁸ (385–18,347), and 2,366 × 10⁻⁸ (36–994,669), respectively. Dogs with renal azotemia had significantly higher NGAL concentrations and UNCR than did healthy dogs (P < .0001 for both). Plasma NGAL concentration was significantly higher in dogs with AKI compared with dogs with CKD (P = .027).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Plasma NGAL could be helpful to differentiate AKI from CKD in dogs with renal azotemia.     

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF FELINE LEUKOCYTES RADIOLABELED IN WHOLE BLOOD WITH 99MTC STANNOUS COLLOID

Technetium-99m stannous colloid (^99mTcSnC) has been used to radiolabel human leukocytes to investigate various inflammatory disorders. We investigated the in vitro behavior of feline leukocytes labeled in whole blood with ^99mTcSnC. Heparinized blood samples were collected from healthy cats and divided into control and test aliquots. The latter were labeled with ^99mTcSnC using a standard procedure. Leukocyte viability was determined for each sample using a trypan blue exclusion test. Labeling efficiency was determined for test aliquots. Test aliquots were layered onto Histopaque-1077^® and centrifuged before measurement of radioactivity of the blood components. Leukocytes from radiolabeled and control samples were washed and incubated with opsonized zymosan particles to allow assessment of phagocytic function. Aliquots were taken from radiolabeled feline leukocyte samples at 1, 3, 4, and 7 h postlabelling. After centrifugation of each aliquot, radioactivity of the supernatant and pellet was measured and the labeling retention determined. Leukocyte viability in both radiolabeled and control samples was >98%. The labeling efficiency was 95.2±0.14%. The distribution of radioactivity in feline blood was found to be 3.4±0.18% in plasma, 39.0±0.37% in erythrocytes, and 57.6±0.38% in leukocytes. Labeled feline leukocytes had phagocytic activity of 90.9±0.18% (control 91.3±0.15%). The radiolabeled leukocytes retained 93.4±0.19% of the radioactivity up to 7 h postlabeling. ^99mTcSnC efficiently labeled feline leukocytes with no effect on viability and minimal effect on phagocytic function. The percentage retention of radioactivity by the leukocytes was still high at 7 h postlabeling.     

叶黄素生物学功能及其在饲料中应用的研究进展

叶黄素是在自然界中含量非常丰富的类胡萝卜素,其免疫调节功能及抗氧化特性日益受到人们关注。人们进行了大量用于增强动物体色的研究,并逐步尝试在饲料中添加应用。作者对叶黄素的生物学功能及其在饲料中应用的研究进展进行了简要概述。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下老化燕麦种子萌发及幼苗的影响

以老化饲用燕麦种子为对象,探讨外源褪黑素对NaCl胁迫下老化燕麦种子萌发和幼苗相关形态和生理特性的影响。结果表明:在无胁迫时添加褪黑素可以提高老化燕麦种子的发芽率,并能增加幼苗游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量且增强过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量;不同浓度的外源褪黑素(100μmol/L、300μmol/L、500μmol/L、800μmol/L、1000μmol/L)处理均能显著提高NaCl(浓度150mmol/L)胁迫下老化燕麦种子的发芽率、苗高、根长、苗鲜重、过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸含量,显著降低幼苗根冠比和丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。加权隶属函数分析表明,提高老化燕麦种子NaCl胁迫下活力的最佳褪黑素浓度为500μmol/L,此时相对于NaCl胁迫,种子发芽率、苗鲜重、过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量分别提高了245.61%、325.55%、52.28%、121.27%。     

大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡生长相关激素水平与免疫机能的影响

将640只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡公母分养,分别随机分为4组,分别饲喂添加大豆黄酮0、5、10、15mg/kg的4种饲粮,于试验28、49d采血和屠宰,探讨了日粮中添加不同水平大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡生长相关激素水平及免疫机能的影响。结果显示,日粮中添加大豆黄酮28、49d,均可显著提高公鸡血清生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、睾酮(TESTO)的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著降低公鸡血清尿素氮水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),而对母鸡血清GH、IGF-1、尿素氮水平无明显影响;添加大豆黄酮49d,显著提高公鸡T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率(P<0.05或P<0.01),添加大豆黄酮28d,显著提高公鸡NDV抗体效价(P<0.05),而对母鸡无明显影响(P>0.05);添加大豆黄酮28、49d,对公母鸡免疫器官重量有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

芦荟乙酰化甘露聚糖对肉仔鸡cAMP/cGMP与免疫功能的影响

本试验研究了肉仔鸡日粮中添加芦荟乙酰化甘露聚糖对环核苷酸含量与免疫功能的影响。结果表明:芦荟凝胶、多糖和乙酰化甘露聚糖均能显著(P<0.05)增加肉鸡体重和肝脏重量,提高血浆和肝脏的cAMP和血浆、肝脏的cGMP水平,以及血浆和肝脏的cAMP/cGMP比值。注射绵羊红细胞,一免后,7 d抗体总量和IgG含量达到峰值。与对照组相比,一免后,7,11,14 d肉仔鸡的抗体总量和IgG值较高,差异显著(P<0.05);二免后,4 d抗体总量和IgG含量达到峰值,并长时间内维持高水平。二免后乙酰化甘露聚糖显著(P<0.05)提高了肉仔鸡对新城疫疫苗(NDV)的抗体水平,同时还增强了肉仔鸡对NDV的免疫应答。本研究表明乙酰化甘露聚糖能提高肉仔鸡的体液免疫功能。     

黄河首曲—玛曲高寒湿地生态系统服务功能价值估算

结合试验和调查,综合运用市场价值法、替代费用法和影子工程法,从11类服务功能方面对黄河首曲—玛曲高寒湿地生态系统服务功能进行了定量估算,旨在为该地区经济发展及科学合理地保护和利用湿地资源提供依据。结果表明:玛曲高寒湿地生态服务功能总价值达159.42亿元/a,是该地区国民生产总值的36.65倍。其中以水文调节功能最大,为57.72亿元/a。其次为水源补给、文化科研、营养循环与储存和气候调节功能,分别为32.43亿、12.50亿、12.38亿和11.37亿元/a,环境净化、物质生产、生物多样性保护、土壤形成与保护和大气组分调节功能,分别为9.24亿、8.48亿、8.31亿、5.67亿和1.09亿元/a,休闲娱乐功能最低(0.23亿元/a)。充分说明,玛曲高寒湿地是"中国西部高原之肾",是黄河上游重要水源补给区和蓄洪区,是黄河上游生态系统的绿色生态屏障,对保证中下游地区生态安全具有重要的战略地位。