施肥对槟榔坐果率及产量的影响

[目的]研究施肥对槟榔坐果率和产量的影响,以期提高槟榔坐果率和产量.[方法]试验以9年生结果槟榔为研究对象,于花期前后,采用不同施肥处理,测定其叶片营养,观察槟榔坐果并测定产量.[结果]施肥能显著提高槟榔的坐果率和单株产量,以150 g/株专用肥+300g/株尿素处理效果最明显.在结果到果实膨大期槟榔落果最严重.专用肥施用后补施氮肥会提高叶片中氮素含量,降低钾素营养;而补施钾肥会提高叶片中钾素营养.叶片氮与钾素含量与槟榔产量呈负相关性,且槟榔产量因子中以单株结果梭数相关性最高.[结论]槟榔结果期间在施用专用肥基础上,适当补施氮及钾肥能显著提高槟榔坐果率及产量.     

Inducing long-shoot growth for vegetative propagation of western larch

This study evaluated methods to release from suppression both short shoots on lower stems and developing buds on leaders of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedlings, in order to increase the number of long shoots suitable for stem-tip cuttings. Treatments included application of the cytokinin N-6-benzyladenine (BA), horizontal stem bending, and decapitation on container-grown 1.5-year-old seedling ortets. The rate of release of suppressed growth of short shoots on the basal stem segments increased from 15% to 83% after spraying with 200 ppm BA and doubled on unsprayed horizontally-bent stems. Syllepsis on the upper stems increased by 19% following decapitation and by 32% after a combination of decapitation and BA treatments. Although these treatments resulted in large increases in the numbers of long shoots available for stem cuttings, the rootability of BA-treated shoots needs assessing before use in operational programs.     

不同施氮处理对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响

大田试验条件下研究了不同施肥处理对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响,以期为肥料的合理施用提供依据。结果表明,与不施肥处理(CK)相比,各施肥处理均显著提高了稻谷产量,增产率为28.5%~40.0%;不同施肥处理间却无显著差异。施肥处理水稻产量的提高主要归因于有效穗和每穗粒数的增加,增幅分别为5.5%~26.1%,25.2%~57.0%。养分吸收结果表明,施氮处理显著提高了水稻的氮素吸收量,且主要分配于稻谷,所占比例为71.3%~79.0%。与习惯施肥处理(T1)相比,优化施肥(T2)、控释尿素(T3)、控释尿素与普通尿素配施(T4)处理在减少氮肥用量21.6%的条件下,稻谷产量没有降低,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力以及氮肥生理利用率和氮收获指数都有所增加,分别提高3.2~6.9 kg/kg、11.7~15.4 kg/kg、7.0~30.6 kg/kg、0.04~0.08,且均表现为控释尿素处理(T3)处理最高。可见,采用合理的肥料及科学的施用方法均可显著提高养分的利用效率。     

凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥施用研究

[目的]通过田间试验,研究酿酒葡萄对不同氮肥施用量及施用深度的响应,为甘肃省凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥合理施用提供依据。[方法]在凉州区设置酿酒葡萄氮肥施用量及施用深度试验,研究不同氮肥施用量及施用深度对酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量的影响。[结果]10和30cm施肥深度之间酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量差异不显著。氮肥施用量对酿酒葡萄产量和叶柄含氮量的影响达到显著水平,对果实和叶片含氮量的影响不明显,其中高氮(300kg/hm~2)和中氮(240kg/hm~2)处理之间酿酒葡萄产量、果实含氮量、叶片含氮量、叶柄含氮量差异不明显,但是高氮和中氮处理与低氮(180kg/hm~2)处理相比,产量增加28.6%和24.1%,叶片含氮量增加17.4%和11.3%,叶柄含氮量增加了40.7%和33.0%,而对于收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量,高氮处理相对于中氮和低氮处理增加了53.8%,94.4%和41.8%,76.1%,氮肥施用量和施用深度的交互效应,仅叶片含氮量达到显著水平。[结论]受土壤质地和传统沟灌影响,氮肥施用深度对酿酒葡萄影响效果不明显,240kg/hm~2为酿酒葡萄较为合适的氮肥施用量,但氮素也存在损失风险。所以,凉州灌区酿酒葡萄合理施肥应该和灌水方式进行结合来确定合理的施肥量和施肥方式。     

Nitrogen fertilization affects yields and storage compound contents in seeds of field-grown soybeans cv Enrei (Glycine max. L) and its super-nodulating mutant En-b0-1 through changing N2 fixation activity of the plants

ABSTRACT

We compared the protein and oil contents, seed yields, and natural abundance of ¹⁵N (σ¹⁵N) of seeds from the plants of the cultivar Enrei, which has moderate nodulating ability (Enrei) with those of its two near-isogenic lines (NILs), a super-nodulating genotype of Enrei, i.e., En-b0-1, and a non-nodulating genotype of Enrei, i.e., En1282. Plants of these three genotypes were grown on four types of field plots with different types of urea coated slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers (CUSLNFs) which delivered N in different manners during plant growth . The seed yield of the En1282 plants was similar to that of the Enrei plants but much greater than that of the En-b0-1 plants when the plants were grown on the field to which a CUSLNF with a long lifespan was applied. The amounts of protein per seed were positively correlated with those of oil per seed in the case of En1282 plants irrespective of the field N conditions. The seed protein contents were proportional to the seed weight in both En1282 and Enrei plants. Such a relationship was not observed in the En-b0-1 plants, and the protein and oil contents in the seeds of En-b0-1 plants were negatively correlated with each other. These observations suggested that the N supply to maturing seeds was a key to the protein contents in the En1282 and Enrei plants and that the C supply to maturing seeds was a key to the protein contents in the En-b0-1 plants. The comparison of the σ¹⁵N values, protein contents, and seed yields of seeds from En1282 plants suggested that the Enrei plants assimilated considerable amounts of N from the soil during the late plant growth. We concluded that high N₂ fixation activity depressed the amounts of oil per seed and changed the protein and oil contents in soybean seeds.     

锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制重污染河道底泥氮磷释放研究

通过实验考察了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附去除作用,并考察了锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放的效率。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而降低：当pH值由4增加到5时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力增加;当pH值 5~8时,对铵的吸附能力较高;当pH值由8增加到10时,对铵的吸附能力下降。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,并且对磷酸盐和铵的吸附速率比较快。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以用于描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附平衡数据,根据Langmuir模型计算得到的锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附量分别为7.75 mg·g-1和9.59 mg·g-1（pH 7和25 °C）。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的去除率随锆改性沸石投加量的增加而增加,其吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是配位体交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是阳离子交换。被锆改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐大部分（82.5%）以较为稳定形态磷（NaOH-P）存在,低溶解氧条件下不容易重新被释放出来。吸附磷酸盐后锆改性沸石中水溶性磷（WSP）、易解吸磷（RDP）和NaHCO3可提取态磷（Olsen-P）含量非常低,藻类可利用磷（AAP）含量仅占总磷含量的29%左右。低溶解氧条件下,重污染河道底泥会释放出大量的溶解性磷酸盐和铵,锆改性沸石活性覆盖则不仅可以使上覆水中的溶解性磷酸盐浓度控制到很低的水平,而且可以明显降低铵由底泥向上覆水迁移的速率。上述实验结果表明,锆改性沸石适合作为一种活性覆盖材料用于控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵的释放。     

“光合元”生物菌肥在红枣南疆红上的应用研究

[目的]探求“光合元”生物菌肥在新疆戈壁地带滴灌条件下的效果和最佳施肥浓度.[方法]以在戈壁滩开发4年的成龄密植南疆红红枣为研究对象,比较枣树的花量、叶绿素含量、光合特性、土壤肥力、果实品质和经济效益,分析不同浓度处理的差异,选出最优施肥浓度.[结果]处理z2的坐果数最多;处理组y3能显著提高叶绿素的含量;土样中,处理z1的N和K含量最高;叶样中,处理x1的N含量最高;处理组x1,y3净光合速率的增长率最高;处理z1的VC含量最高;处理x3可溶性总糖最高;处理z2的经济效益最高,达129元/棵,处理组z1其次,为127.33元/棵.[结论]最适宜的浓度配比为处理z2.但是处理z1的果实品质则优于处理z2.     

育苗基质喷施海藻肥对番茄幼苗生长的影响

以番茄‘合作908’为试材,在筛选出的3种稻壳基质中进行育苗,通过喷施5种不同浓度海藻肥,研究育苗基质和海藻肥耦合效应对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明∶番茄幼苗在3种育苗基质中生长存在显著差异,以腐熟稻壳∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=6∶2∶2(T2)处理幼苗生长最健壮;喷施800倍液海藻肥处理效果最佳,其株高、茎粗、干鲜重、根系活力及壮苗指数均显著高于其他浓度处理;壮苗指数多因素方差分析结果表明：基质种类×海藻肥对壮苗指数存在互作（P=0.029）,其中基质种类影响程度大于海藻肥;T2基质+喷施800倍液海藻肥处理幼苗生长最佳,根系活力和壮苗指数分别比对照提高24.04%和19.05%。此结果可以为工厂化番茄优质种苗培育提供理论依据。     

兰州市SO_2污染控制区优化规划方案的探讨

根据《大气法》第二十七条关于划定酸雨控制区和SO2 污染控制区的规定 ,为使兰州市SO2 控制区达到环境质量目标的要求 ,本文以 98年的污染源资料和气象资料为模拟对象 ,利用大气扩散模式 ,通过各个污染源对每个控制点浓度分担率的计算 ,以污染源的总削减两最小 (总排放量最大 )或总削减率最小为优化目标 ,列出了几种优化方案并利用线性规划的方法对各种结果进行了对比分析。为了使最终的优化结果切实可行 ,将点源的上界乘一经济技术指标值 ,既可以使控制区达到环境质量目标值 ,又充分体现了公平合理的原则。     

生物有机肥对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性 及根系活力的影响

针对大量化肥长期施用对马铃薯田土壤造成的生物活性降低等问题,利用根际益生菌（PGPR）制成生物有机肥,通过盆栽试验,研究了不施肥（对照,CK）以及分别施化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）和5种生物有机肥（BOF1,BOF2,BOF3,BOF4和BOF5）对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性和根系活力的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯的成熟期,5种生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量平均比CF及OF高52%和37%,微生物量碳比CF和OF处理平均增加了30%,其中以BOF3效果最明显,比其它生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量和微生物量碳增加达3%～7%和2%～7%;且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),相比CF和OF,5种生物有机肥处理土壤酶活性的增幅为11%～114%;根系活力分别增加了265%和224%,块茎产量分别增加了16%和21%,根系活力和块茎产量的提高也以BOF3效果最明显,其根系活力比BOF5高出166%,其块茎产量比其它生物有机肥处理的增幅为5%～9%。说明生物有机肥有助于提高土壤的生物活性,改善马铃薯的根际环境,进而提高了马铃薯的根系活力,增加了马铃薯的块茎产量。