间歇供水条件下点源入渗规律研究

对间歇供水和连续供水方式下的杨凌粘壤土点源入渗进行了室内对比研究。结果表明:间歇供水地表点源入渗水平和竖直方向的最大入渗距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系;在灌水定额相同的条件下,大滴头流量(4L/h)间歇滴灌与小滴头流量(2L/h)连续滴灌相比较,间歇供水能有效增加水平湿润距离,同时垂向入渗距离降低15%;对应于同一灌水量,采用30min、60min和120min等3种间歇周期对点源入渗的水平和垂向入渗距离无明显影响。     

西北干旱区水资源利用与生态环境重建研究

西北干旱地区是我国西部大开发战略的重点建设区域之一。但是长期以来，由于气候干旱以及在市场经济利益驱动下所形成的人类对水产 过度开发利用，导致了一系列阻碍区域经济发展的严重生态环境问题。水资源的合理利用是干旱区振兴流域经济的主要保证，也是促使生态经济系统向良性方向发展的关键因素。本文从分析西北干旱区内陆河流域水资源系统特征、开发利用现状以及主要的水环境问题出发，得出干旱区生态恢复与重建必须以水资源的合理利用为核心的结论，同时提出了干旱区水资源利用优化途径与生态重建的基本对策。     

再生稻再生芽萌发期降水量和作物需水量的年际变化特征分析

基于遂宁、内江、泸州、宜宾、纳溪和叙永等6个气象站1951—2007年的逐日气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算再生稻作物需水量,并结合同期降水量,以自然降水量/作物需水量(R/ETc)为指标,探讨了川东南地区中稻再生芽萌发期(即7月下旬—8月中旬)的降水量和作物需水量的地区差异特征和年际变化特征。结果表明,遂宁、内江、泸州、纳溪、宜宾和叙永再生芽萌发期多年平均降水量分别为156.7、175.4、168.5、66.7、227.5 mm和153.4 mm。需水量多年平均分别为141.5、138.6、144.5、146.0、128.5 mm和142.7 mm。除了纳溪外,其余各地区再生芽萌发期的降水量均高于其作物需水量。从自然降水量和作物需水量之间的关系上看,宜宾、内江、泸州及叙永均较适合再生稻发展,而纳溪则存在较大的风险。进一步分析内江、泸州再生芽萌发期作物需水量和自然降水量的年际变化特征,发现从1951—2007年,内江降水量与需水量的比值1的年份占了63%,比值在0.85~1之间的概率为3%,比值在0.5~0.7之间的概率为11%,降水量与需水量的比值0.5为12%。从1951—2002年,泸州降水量与需水量的比值1的年份占了52%,比值在0.85~1之间的概率为13%,比值在0.5~0.7之间的概率为21%,降水量与需水量的比值0.5的概率为4%。相对而言,内江中稻再生芽萌发期仍然存在较大的受旱风险。根据以上结果,探讨了川东南再生稻发展适宜区及高产栽培策略,纳溪受旱风险较大不宜晒田,遂宁、宜宾、内江、泸州、叙永均能进行中期晒田。     

建立密植高产桑园的桑压条苗甲醛处理法

为了改造低产桑园、建立密植高产桑园,研究建立了提高压条苗生产效率的压条苗甲醛处理法,研究结果表明压条苗甲醛处理的生根数比环割处理增加130%,比非环割增加190%;压条苗甲醛处理的新根的生长比环割处理高1.5倍,比非环割处理高1.3倍;成苗率也是压条苗甲醛处理最好。该方法是一种高效成苗的方法。     

玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草混合青贮品质的影响

为评价玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草(4∶4∶2)混合青贮品质的影响,试验设对照组(CK)、玉米粉添加组(CF)、乳酸菌添加组(LAB)、玉米粉和乳酸菌组合添加组(CF+LAB),每个处理6个重复,室温下贮藏60 d开封,取样分析青贮品质。结果表明,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均明显提高了青贮料的感官品质,与CK相比,CF处理、LAB处理及CF+LAB处理中 CP含量极显著提高(P<0.01), NH₃-N/TN、AA、PA、Ash含量极显著降低(P<0.01),CF处理极显著地提高了DM、CP、LA含量(P<0.01),而LAB处理则极显著地降低了NDF、ADF含量(P<0.01),CF+LAB中NH₃-N/TN、AA含量及pH值极显著低于LAB(P<0.01),显著低于CF(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均提高了青贮品质,单独添加乳酸菌制剂青贮品质要次于单独添加玉米粉,两者组合添加青贮品质更好。     

Greenhouse gas emissions in response to straw incorporation,water management and their interaction in a paddy field in subtropical central China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of combination of straw incorporation and water management on fluxes of CH₄, N₂O and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a paddy field in subtropical central China by using a static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method. Four treatments were set up: two rice straw incorporation rates at 0 (S1) and 6 (S2) t ha^?1 combined with two water managements of intermittent irrigation (W1, with mid-season drainage) and continuous flooding (W2, without mid-season drainage). The cumulative seasonal CH₄ emissions for the treatments of S1W2, S2W1 and S2W2 increased significantly by 1.84, 5.47 and 6.63 times, respectively, while seasonal N₂O emissions decreased by 0.67, 0.29 and 1.21 times, respectively, as compared to S1W1 treatment. The significant increase in the cumulative Rh for the treatments S1W1, S2W1 and S2W2 were 0.54, 1.35 and 0.52 times, respectively, in comparison with S1W2. On a seasonal basis, both the CO₂-equivalents (CO₂e) and yield-scaled CO₂e (GHGI) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions increased with straw incorporation and continuous flooding, following the order: S2W2>S2W1>S1W2>S1W1. Thus, the practices of in season straw incorporation should be discouraged, while mid-season drainage is recommended in paddy rice production from a point view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.     

Treatment response and long term follow up in nineteen dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy in Australia

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is common worldwide, but little data is available from Australia. The aim of this study was to describe treatment response and long‐term outcome in a cohort of dogs with CE. Dogs were prospectively enrolled at Murdoch University and the University of Melbourne. After diagnostic investigation to rule out diseases other than CE, dogs underwent sequential therapeutic trials until achieving a clinical response (diet then antibiotics, and finally immunosuppressants). Success was defined as 75% reduction of clinical severity for a minimum of five weeks. A total of 21 dogs were enrolled, and 19 completed the study. One dog was euthanised for lack of response to treatment and one excluded for lack of owner compliance. Most dogs responded to diet (n = 10), followed by antibiotics (n = 7) and immunosuppressants (n = 2). Long‐term remission (median 21.1 months, [3.0‐44.7]) was achieved in eight out of ten dietary responders without additional treatment. In contrast, only two dogs with antibiotic response remained in long‐term remission, of which one needed on‐going antibiotic treatment. Longer term remission was achieved in the two dogs treated with immunosuppressants with on‐going low dose therapy. This study concludes that most dogs referred for CE in Australia respond to dietary treatment (even after previous dietary interventions), and remission is long‐term compared to dogs treated with an antibiotic. Furthermore, the need for long‐term antibiotics in some dogs to maintain response may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study supports adequate dietary trials for CE in dogs, and a need for alternative second‐line treatments.     

永久性贮水池在水灭火法扑救森林火灾中的运用

本文简要阐述了水灭火法灭火原理与系统组成,提出通过建立永久性贮水池促进水灭火法将成为我国林火扑救重要手段的发展设想。     

Relationship between level of forage intake,blood flow and oxygen consumption by splanchnic tissues of sheep fed a tropical grass forage

Four Polwarth castrated male sheep (42 ± 4.4 kg live weight (LW) surgically implanted with chronic indwelling catheters into the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, housed in metabolism cages and offered Cynodon sp. hay at rates (g of dry matter (DM)/kg LW) of 7, 14, 21 or ad libitum, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the effect of the level of forage intake on blood flow and oxygen consumption by the portal‐drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues (ST). The portal blood flow and the oxygen consumption by PDV linearly increased at increased organic matter (OM) intake. No effect of level of OM intake was obtained for the hepatic artery blood flow and oxygen consumption by liver. As a consequence, the level of OM intake only tended to directly affect hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption by total ST. Oxygen consumption was linearly and positively related to blood flow across PDV, liver and total ST. The heat production by PDV and total ST, as proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) intake, decreased curvilinearly at increased ME intake. In conclusion, the oxygen consumption by PDV, but not by liver, was directly related to the level of forage intake by sheep. Moreover, when ingested at levels below maintenance, most of ME was spent as heat produced by ST.     

春季储水灌溉条件下啤酒大麦节水增产机理研究

测定了不同春季储水灌溉定额下啤酒大麦出苗率、生长发育动态、土壤水分变化、耗水规律及水分利用效率,并结合气象资料比较不同灌水处理的优越性,分析不同春季储水灌溉定额对土壤水分、降水利用及作物产量的影响。结果表明,将冬季储水灌改为春季储水灌从技术层面上切实可行;在适宜灌水定额条件下,采用春季储水灌溉技术较冬季储水灌溉技术可减少储水灌灌溉水量75 mm,减少土壤蒸发37.4%,水分利用效率提高26.2%。在实际大麦种植生产中应以春季储水灌定额75 mm,生育期灌水5次,灌水定额75 mm为宜,这样不仅可节约有限水资源,还可提高地温及水分利用效率,达到节水、增效的目的。