华北地区旅游型村镇住居模式探讨——以保定涞源白石山景区为例

村镇型旅游发展中,旅游者在当地村民家中留宿,村镇的个性化接待和朴素环境让人们赞不绝口,但由于其自发性和无组织性,现在存在设计不得当,经营模式不健全等弊端.研究以河北省涞源县白石山景区为例,分析其存在的问题,旨在为旅游型住居模式的设计与经营提供更为合理的方法与策略.     

Physiological Response of Multiple Contrasting Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Suboptimal Temperatures

The physiological response of multiple rice cultivars, eighteen initially and eight cultivars later on, to suboptimal temperatures (ST) conditions was investigated in laboratory and outdoor experimental conditions. Treatment with ST decreased growth in different extents according to the cultivar and affected the PSII performance, determined by chlorophyll fluorescence fast‐transient test, and stomatal conductance, regardless the experimental condition. Two groups of cultivars could be distinguished on the base of their growth and physiological parameters. The group of cultivars presenting higher growths displayed optimal JIP values, and higher instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i), due to a lower Gs under ST, unlike cultivars showing lower growth values, which presented worse JIP values and could not adjust their Gs and hence their WUE_i. In this work, we detected at least two cultivars with superior tolerance to ST than the cold tolerant referent Koshihikari. These cultivars could be used as parents or tolerance donors in breeding for new crop varieties. On other hand, positive and significant correlations between data obtained from laboratory and outdoor experiments suggest that laboratory measurements of most of the above mentioned parameters would be useful to predict the response of rice cultivars to ST outdoor.     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

农业绿色高效节水领域研究现状与思考

节水农业是水资源高效利用和农业可持续发展的重大问题，对于节约水资源具有极其重要的意义。为了解当前绿色农业高效节水领域的最新研究热点和发展趋势，本文梳理总结了我国现代化节水农业领域的基础背景、研究现状以及发展态势。结果表明，“灌溉设备与技术开发”、“农业用水精量调配与控制”、“作物高效用水机理”及“农业用水对环境变化的响应”等是近年来的研究热点，并建议开展水肥一体化智能技术与管理及其对作物、土壤、环境、社会等综合效应等的相关研究，以期为我国农业绿色高质量发展提供帮助。     

Utilization of Livestock''s Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock's dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal's leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve t...     

人工浮岛种植水生植物对包头南海湿地水质净化效果研究

【目的】解决包头南海湿地氮磷等营养元素富集的问题,提升包头南海湿地的水质。【方法】于2017年7—9月,在包头南海湿地构筑了一段由3种水生植物单独或混合种植的人工浮岛,并对浮岛的水质进行跟踪监测。【结果】经过92 d的试验处理,风车草对TN的去除效果最好,去除率为36.02%,可以使水体中TN质量浓度提高到地表水Ⅴ类标准;风车草+水葱+千屈菜对TP的去除效果最好,去除率为41.61%,可以使水体中TP质量浓度从地表水Ⅴ类标准提高到Ⅳ类标准;对CODcr去除效果最好的是风车草+水葱+千屈菜,去除率为27.01%。对浮游藻类抑制效果最好的是风车草,可以有效抑制水华束丝藻。【结论】混合植物人工浮岛比单一型人工浮岛去除氮磷等有机物的效果要好,尤以风车草、水葱、千屈菜3种植物混合组成的人工浮岛对氮磷等有机物的效果最好。风车草、水葱、千屈菜可以作为包头南海湿地水体富营养化防治的浮岛栽培植物来进行推广应用。     

左右岸省界缓冲区水质达标评价方法研究

左右岸省界缓冲区作为协调省际间用水关系的重要水域,其水质达标评价及污染责任划分是流域限制纳污红线制度实施的重要内容。从左右岸省界缓冲区的相关概念出发,根据省份的位置关系将其分为缓冲区完全在两省省界上、缓冲区部分在两省省界上以及缓冲区在多省交界上三种情形,并结合左右岸省界缓冲区特点确定调整浓度核算法、代表断面判断法、限制排污总量-污染物入河量评估法等水质达标评价方法,以判断左右岸省份缓冲区的水质达标情况,从而划分缓冲区左右岸省份的污染责任。实例验证模拟显示,确定的方法切实可行,研究方法可为流域污染责任划分提供技术支撑,从而促进限制纳污制度的顺利实施。     

常州市城镇化对工业废水排放量的影响——以江苏省常州市为例

基于熵值法对常州市城市化水平进行评估,以2005~2014年数据为基础观察当地工业废水排放量变化趋势,运用灰色关联分析法研究城镇化对常州工业废水排放量的具体影响。结果表明:经济、人口和社会城镇化是影响工业废水排放量的主要因素;第二产业在工业中占据的比例是影响工业废水排放量的最主要的指标;城镇化的发展对工业废水排放量的影响处于减小趋势。     

浅析我国农业节水灌溉技术研究及进展

中国是世界上人均水资源占有量最贫乏的13个国家之一,水是农业的命脉,水资源的严重不足,使我国农业发展面临非常大的挑战。发展节水灌溉技术是我国未来农业发展的一项重大战略决策,也是坚持绿色发展理念的必然选择。为了解我国农业节水灌溉技术现状和研究进展,本文通过综合分析国内外节水灌溉技术现状,梳理我国目前主要的节水灌溉工程技术,总结我国在农业节水灌溉技术现阶段面临的主要问题和未来发展趋势。     

Time‐lapse monitoring of soil water content using electromagnetic conductivity imaging

The volumetric soil water content (θ) is fundamental to agriculture because its spatiotemporal variation in soil affects the growth of plants. Unfortunately, the universally accepted thermogravimetric method for estimating volumetric soil water content is very labour intensive and time‐consuming for use in field‐scale monitoring. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have proven to be useful in mapping the spatiotemporal variation of θ. However, depth‐specific variation in θ, which is important for irrigation management, has been little explored. The objective of this study was to develop a relationship between θ and estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ) and to use this relationship to develop time‐lapse images of soil θ beneath a centre‐pivot irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crop in San Jacinto, California, USA. We first measured the bulk apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a – mS/m) using a DUALEM‐421 over a period of 12 days after an irrigation event (i.e. days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12). We used EM4Soil to generate EM conductivity images (EMCIs). We used a physical model to estimate θ from σ, accounting for soil tortuosity and pore water salinity, with a cross‐validation RMSE of 0.04 cm³/cm³. Testing the scenario where no soil information is available, we used a three‐parameter exponential model to relate θ to σ and then to map θ along the transect on different days. The results allowed us to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of θ across the surveyed area, over the 12‐day period. In this regard, we were able to map the soil close to field capacity (0.27 cm³/cm³) and approaching permanent wilting point (0.03 cm³/cm³). The time‐lapse θ monitoring approach, developed using EMCI, has implications for soil and water use and management and will potentially allow farmers and consultants to identify inefficiencies in water application rates and use. It can also be used as a research tool to potentially assist precision irrigation practices and to test the efficacy of different methods of irrigation in terms of water delivery and efficiency in water use in near real time.