Ecological consequences of variation in standard metabolism and dominance among salmon parr

Abstract – Standard metabolic rate (SMR, closely related to basal and resting metabolism) varies by up to threefold among juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., of similar size at common temperature. Here, consequences of this variation are predicted by combining empirically derived relationships between SMR, specific dynamic action, energy budgets, water velocity, food level in the environment and food availability to fish. The range of velocities across which growth is predicted to occur is inversely related to a fish’s SMR. Growth is positively related to SMR at high but negatively related to it at low‐food levels. The relationship between food level and the range of velocities over which lower SMR fish can grow but higher SMR fish cannot is asymmetrically bi‐phasic and peaked. It is predicted that maternal manipulation of offspring SMR would generate fitness benefits through bet‐hedging against unpredictability in food level and increases in the overall range of velocities that the family of offspring can occupy and thrive in.     

浅谈给水排水工程节能节水措施

作者针对给排水系统工程特点并依据多年设计实践,总结了几点节能节水措施;阐明了通过减少不必要的浪费,可以达到节约水资源、节约能源的目的。     

印江自治县洋溪镇森林资源特点及林业发展规划

洋溪镇山区脱贫致富的最大优势在于山,提出林业发展措施：（1）采取有效的技术措施把现有的近3335hm2茶园基地管理好,并适度发展鲜果类经济林;（2）加强幼龄林的抚育和林分的封山育林工作;（3）进行山区林业综合开发,大力发展以马尾松、杉木为辅的用材林造林和低产林分改造,以优质烤烟为主产业化建设;（4）利用区位优势,发展森林旅游业。     

Response of confection sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in a semi‐arid environment to planting date and early termination of irrigation

Adjustments on planting date and on the time to terminate irrigation may reduce agricultural water use. However, such management practices in regions with extreme weather conditions have the potential to negatively affect yield. A 3‐year (2012–2014) study was conducted on a clay‐loam soil in a cool, semi‐arid environment to (i) determine the response of confection sunflower to planting date and irrigation termination timing and (ii) identify the relative importance of yield components in irrigated confection sunflower across planting dates. Early May planting had considerable negative effects on all studied variables, except on the percentage of large seeds. The highest yield of total and large seeds was obtained from the late May plantings, averaging 3,777 and 3,379 kg/ha, respectively. None of the irrigation strategies affected the measured variables. However, the interaction between planting date and termination of irrigation significantly affected the 1,000‐seed weight. Our study revealed the last week of May as suitable planting period for confection sunflower in the semi‐arid north‐western region of Wyoming, USA, and that irrigation on heavy soils may be terminated as early as at R5.5 stage without a significant yield reduction. The path‐coefficient analysis indicated head diameter and the number of seeds per head as important traits that significantly influence the yield of confection sunflower across planting dates.     

特优航2号在龙海的产量表现及高产栽培技术

介绍了特优航2号参加福建省区试、生产试验以及在龙海示范种植的表现。调查了特优航2号不同产量水平的产量构成,明确有效穗与产量的相关最密切,对产量直接通径系数最高,对产量贡献率最大;其次为每穗总粒数,有效穗与每穗总粒数对产量的贡献率占4个构成因素总贡献率的86.39%。据此提出特优航2号高产栽培技术。     

水利建设可持续发展刍议

首先分析了水利建设与可持续发展的关系,即可持续发展对水利建设提出了新要求、丰富了新思路,水利建设实践推动了水利可持续发展研究,并基于此提出水利建设可持续发展思路,即树立可持续发展意识,推进水利建设制度创新;人水协调,加强水利现代化建设.     

安徽省农业气象灾害时间分布特征与灰色关联分析

为了探寻安徽省农业气象灾害的分布特点以及各种气象灾害对粮食生产的影响,本研究基于安徽省1992—2012年有关气象灾害数据,对4种主要气象灾害(旱灾、水灾、风雹灾、霜冻灾)的分布特征进行统计分析,并采用灰色关联分析研究其对安徽省粮食单产的影响。结果表明:1992—2012年,安徽省气象灾害具有发生频率高、波动大的特点,但整体上呈下降趋势。旱灾和水灾是发生面积较大的气象灾害,且常在时间上交织、空间上并存。灰色关联分析表明,4种气象灾害对粮食产量影响顺序:风雹灾水灾旱灾霜冻灾,说明风雹灾是影响粮食产量最主要的气象灾害,其次是水灾、旱灾,霜冻灾影响较小。本研究可为安徽省防灾减灾措施的制定提供决策依据。     

拔节期氮肥运筹对不同滴灌量下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为探明拔节期氮肥运筹对不同滴灌量下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响,在大田滴灌技术条件下,以‘新冬41号’为试验材料,研究4种拔节期氮肥运筹处理[N0(0 kg/hm²)、N1(90 kg/hm²)、N2(180 kg/hm²)、N3(270 kg/hm²)]对3种不同滴灌量[W1(1500 m³/hm²)、W2(3000 m³/hm²)、W3(3450 m³/hm²)]下冬小麦叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,在3种滴灌量下各氮肥处理冬小麦拔节至乳熟期叶片SPAD值均呈“先增后降”的变化规律,最大值均在灌浆期;LAI呈现“先增后降”的变化规律,在孕穗期达最大。在同一施氮水平下,滴灌量增加,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均增加,而胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)则降低。滴灌量较低时（W1处理）,增加拔节期施氮量能有效提高滴灌冬小麦的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量和收获系数;水分充足时（W2、W3处理）,增加拔节期施氮量反而不利于产量的提高。综合考虑各项产量指标及氮肥利用效率得出,在滴灌量3000 m³/hm²条件下,拔节期施氮量180 kg/hm²时,滴灌冬小麦籽粒产量较高,氮肥利用率最大,可供生产参考。     

芦苇和白刺空间格局对青土湖生态输水的响应

石羊河尾闾湖——青土湖位于腾格里沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠边缘,是阻隔两大沙漠合围的生态屏障。自2010年开始连续5年向青土湖进行生态输水并形成一定规模的水面,对促进区域植被恢复和保护民勤湖区绿洲具有重要的生态意义。本研究选用2008年、2010年、2011年、2012年、2013年、2014年的高分辨率遥感影像资料同时结合研究区的实地调查资料,对形成人工水面的面积和输水前后的芦苇(Phragmites australis)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)群落面积进行了统计分析和对比。结果表明,5年连续输水形成叠加效应,水面面积成倍增加,芦苇相对频度逐年增加和白刺相对频度逐年减少,芦苇群落(Form.P.australis)面积增加了8.43倍,临接水域和水域中的白刺群落(Form.N.tangutorum)消失,白刺面积减少了68.00%。人工输水促进了芦苇群落依水蔓延,镶嵌于水域成片分布;距水面50 m范围的白刺群落由连续成片成点状。输水促进了湿生植物生长,导致荒漠植物种退化。     

Food resources and cyprinid diet in permanent and temporary Mediterranean rivers with natural and regulated flow

This study addresses the differences in food availability, diet and feeding activity of the Iberian barbel, between permanent and temporary nonregulated rivers, and the effect of flow regulation on feeding parameters. A total of 267 adult barbels were seasonally collected in four nonregulated and regulated rivers from permanent and temporary basins, and their gut content was analysed. Locally available food sources were evaluated across sites and seasons. Barbels from the permanent nonregulated river exhibit a more variable and diversified diet in which invertebrates assumed a large importance, especially during high flows. Barbels from the temporary nonregulated river presented a more uniform diet composed of plant material and detritus, particularly in drought seasons. Flow regulation affected different flow components in both systems, but the effects on food resources and barbels' diet were similar, resulting in an intra‐annual stabilisation of resource availability and fish diet, with a higher consumption of plants and detritus. Changes in fish diet and feeding activity in both nonregulated and regulated rivers were strongly associated with the seasonal variability of streamflow components, particularly between low‐ and high‐flow periods, and with the reduction in flow variability in the case of dam regulation. Results from this study can be used to improve guidelines for flow requirement implementation.