Water Extractable Trace Elements in Poultry Litters and Granulated Products

Poultry litter contains many trace elements such as As, Cu, and Zn, and its land application may lead to the accumulation of these elements in soils, especially near the soil surface. The objectives of this study were to determine the total amount of trace elements and evaluate the effect of litter granulation and various litter to water extraction ratios on water extractable trace elements in 8 raw and granulated litter products. Granulated litters that contained urea, dicyandiamide, or hydrolyzed feathermeal had significantly lower contents of total As, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn than untreated litters because of the dilution of litters with additives. Trace element concentrations (mg/L) in the water extracts of the various poultry litters generally decreased when extraction ratios (litter to water) shifted from 1:10 to 1:250, or as the amount of poultry litter decreased with a constant water volume (200 mL). But, the water extractable content of trace metals (mg/kg) generally increased from an extraction ratio of 1:10 to 1:200, with values similar at 1:200 and 1:250 extraction ratios. Based on our results, we suggest using a 1:200 extraction ratio when evaluating water extractable As, Cu, and Zn in poultry litters. The estimated land application rates of trace metals, when poultry litter is applied on the basis of total P content, were considerably lower than the trace metal loadings allowable under the current environmental regulations governing biosolids and other materials with measurable amounts of trace metals. The laboratory water extractions of poultry litters and granulated products have increased our understanding of the potential risks to water quality posed by the land application of poultry litter and will contribute to the development of base knowledge needed to define land application practices that are protective of soil and water quality.     

添加甲酸对白花草木樨青贮品质的影响

在收获后经过0、8和30h晾晒的初花期草木樨(干物质含量分别为27.36%、38.69%和44.98%)原料中,加入甲酸(添加量为2.5、4.0和5.5ml/kg)进行青贮。结果表明,添加甲酸能使草木樨青贮料氨态氮含量降低,并保存较多的可溶性糖;添加甲酸4.0ml/kg对三个干物质水平草木樨青贮均有良好效果,但以干物质含量27.36%组效果最好。     

规模养蚕新技术的研究Ⅰ.大棚养蚕温湿度对蚕茧产质量的影响

试验调查了大棚养蚕春、夏大蚕期与蔟中的温湿度变化,以探索有利于大棚养蚕的饲养技术与小气候调节技术.棚内温湿度变化对蚕茧产质量的影响比较分析表明,春期5龄后期和上蔟初期,35～38.8℃的高温对蚕茧产质量有较大影响;夏蚕期棚内温度明显高于春蚕期,最高超过40℃,连续高温持续时间长,昼夜温差大.根据春、夏期不同的气候特点,春期大棚上蔟初期要重点进行降温排湿,夏期重点进行降温.     

高山草地的光谱反射特征及其估产模型

对祁连山东段高山草地中５种植物群落的光谱反射特征进行了测试研究。结果表明：１）草本植物和灌木种群的光谱反射率在可见光波段上无显著差异，但在近红外波段存在显著差异；２）土壤背景和测试仪器高度对群落的光谱反射产生显著影响；３）植物生长盛期，可用近红外波段的反射差异来区分草地植物群落的空间分布：４）草地植物群落的地上植物量与几种变换的植被指数呈显著或极显著的非线性相关。     

亚麻籽对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加不同水平亚麻籽对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。试验选择1日龄AA肉鸡512只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复32只鸡。试验以玉米-豆粕为基础日粮,各组日粮分别在基础日粮中添加0、5%、10%和15%亚麻籽,试验分为两个阶段,共进行42 d。15%亚麻籽组比对照组日增重显著降低10.27%(P <0.05),同时试验后3周体重显著降低7.28%(P <0.05)。随着日粮亚麻籽添加水平的升高,整个试验期肉鸡日增重显著降低(P <0.05)。对照组和5%亚麻籽组较10%和15%亚麻籽组显著降低了0~3周肉鸡料肉比(P <0.05),而对照组较5%和15%亚麻籽组显著降低了4~6周肉鸡料肉比(P <0.05),同时对照组较所有亚麻籽组显著降低了试验全期料肉比(P <0.05)。5%和15%亚麻籽组较对照组显著降低了肉鸡蛋白质和能量利用效率(P <0.05)。与其他各组相比,15%亚麻籽组显著降低了肉鸡胴体重(P <0.05);15%亚麻籽组较对照组和10%亚麻籽组显著降低了胸肌相对重量(P <0.05),而对照组较5%和15%亚麻籽组显著降低了腿肌相对重量(P <0.05)。随着日粮亚麻籽添加水平的升高,胸肌和腿肌亚麻酸含量显著升高(P <0.05),但对照组与5%亚麻籽组对腿肌亚麻酸含量无显著影响(P> 0.05),10%和15%亚麻籽组较对照组显著提高了胸肌和腿肌亚油酸含量(P <0.05)。在本试验条件下,日粮添加15%亚麻籽使肉鸡日增重降低8.2%,但日粮添加亚麻籽可以提高胸肌和腿肌亚油酸和亚麻酸含量,因此,日粮中适宜的亚麻籽添加水平为10%。     

规模化猪场疫病传入的外部风险因素指标体系的初探

据实际调查,运用层次分析法,将疫病传入的各外界风险因素指标划分为目标层、准则层和分准则层三个层次。采用EXCEL软件进行数据统计,依次编辑各层次结构模型,构建各层次的判断矩阵和一致性检验。结果表明：猪场的管理措施、生物安全、场址是疫病传入的主要风险因素。据此确立了I级指标和II级指标,从而构建疫病传入的风险因素指标体系。     

建立完善我国优质牛肉生产全程质量控制体系

本文介绍了我国牛肉生产和进出口现状及影响因素，并建议要制定推行我国牛肉生产全程质量控制体系以提高我国牛肉生产水平、牛肉质量及市场竞争力。     

Effects of feeding fermented fish on egg cholesterol content in hens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding fermented fish (FF) to layers on laying performance, and polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol levels in eggs and plasma. A total of 96, 13-week-old Babcock B380 pullets were used in this study. They were randomly assigned to four numerically equal groups with eight replicates per treatment, three birds per replicate. All the birds were housed in individual cages. The dietary treatments were: Control diet, without FF; FF3 diet containing 3% (w/w) FF, FF6 diet containing 6% (w/w) FF and FF9 diet containing 9% (w/w) FF. The study was carried out for 16 weeks inclusive of two weeks of adjustment. Weekly feed intake and egg production were recorded. Blood plasma cholesterol and fatty acid profiles were assayed at the end of the experiment. FF did not enhance ( P  > 0.05) egg mass but ( P  < 0.05) decreased egg weight slightly. However, egg yolk cholesterol and plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced ( P  < 0.05) by FF. The n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio in the egg yolk (Control = 7.9, FF9 = 6.2) and plasma (Control = 10.6, FF9 = 6.2) were decreased by feeding FF. Moreover, FF was able to increase ( P  < 0.05) the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in egg yolk and plasma. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FF increased DHA and reduced egg yolk cholesterol in poultry eggs.