Field compaction at different soil-water status: effects on pore size distribution and soil water characteristics of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Western Cuba

The level of compaction induced on cultivated fields through trafficking is strongly influenced by the prevailing soil-water status and, depending on the attendant soil degradation, vital soil hydraulic processes could be affected. Therefore, understanding the relationship between field soil-water status and the corresponding level of induced compaction for a given load is considered an imperative step toward a better control of the occurrence of traffic-induced field soil compaction. Pore size distribution, a fundamental and highly degradable soil property, was measured in a Rhodic Ferralsol, the most productive and extensively distributed soil in Western Cuba, to study the effects of three levels of soil compaction on soil water characteristic parameters. Soil bulk density and cone penetration index were used to measure compaction levels established by seven passes of a 10 Mg tractor at three soil-water statuses corresponding to the plastic (Fs), friable (Fc) and relatively dry soil (Ds) consistency states. Pore size distribution calculated from soil water characteristic curves was classified into three pore size categories on the basis of their hydraulic functioning: >50 μm (f_>50 μm), 50–0.5 μm (f_{50–0.5 μm}) and <0.5 μm (f_<0.5 μm). The greatest compaction levels were attained in the Fs and Fc soil water treatments, and a significant contribution to compaction was attributed to the existing soil water states under which the soil compaction was accomplished. Average cone index (CI) values in the range of 2.93–3.70 MPa reflected the accumulation of f_<0.5 μm pores, and incurred severe reductions in the volume of f_>50 μm pores in the Fs and Fc treatments, while an average CI value of 1.69 MPa indicated increments in the volume of f_{50–0.5 μm} in the Ds treatment. Despite the differential effects of soil compaction on the distribution of the different pore size categories, soil total porosity (f_Total) was not effective in reflecting treatment effects. Soil water desorption at the soil water potentials evaluated (0.0 to −15,000 cm H₂O) was adversely affected in the f_<0.5 μm dominated treatments; strong soil water retention was observed with the predominance of f_<0.5 μm, as was confirmed by the high water content at plant wilting point. Based on these findings, the use of field capacity water content as the upper limit of plant available soil water was therefore considered inappropriate for compacted soils.     

鄱阳湖区水资源利用和保护机制演变及其绩效分析

阐述了建国后鄱阳湖区水资源利用和保护机制在计划机制、“自由配置”和政府积极介入规制3个阶段的演变情况。指出计划机制的失败在于漠视科学;“自由配置”的失败在于“公地悲剧”;政府积极介入有正面作用。对各机制的绩效做了实证性的调查分析,说明了第一阶段向第二阶段演变动力和第二阶段向第三阶段演变动力的不同。前者的演变动力是在制度变革的推动下完成,后者则主要是由于遭到自然惩罚的结果;揭示第一阶段向第二阶段的机制演变绩效不佳甚至破坏力更大,原因是“公地悲剧”更大程度地发生。第二阶段向第三阶段的机制演变绩效应该好于第一阶段向第二阶段演变时期,原因是政府加强了对水资源的保护和管理。最后得出政府与市场相结合的混合市场机制是鄱阳湖水资源有效利用和保护良好机制的基本结论。     

商丘农业水资源状况与可持续利用对策

在详细分析商丘农业水资源状况及其开发利用存在问题的基础上,指出商丘农业水资源利用必须走开源节流、可持续发展的路子,并就其开发利用的思路和途径进行了初步的探讨。     

莱州湾芙蓉岛西侧人工鱼礁建设对周边海域潮流场和水交换的影响研究#br#

为探究人工鱼礁建设对周边海域潮流场和水交换产生的影响,基于Mike21HD潮流模型,对莱州湾芙蓉岛西侧人工鱼礁建设前后周边海域潮流场和水交换变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,相较于鱼礁建设前,涨急时,从平面分布上,鱼礁区东西向流速呈增加趋势,南北向流速呈递减趋势;从垂向分布上,流速变化:底层>中层>表层,底层流速最大增加量8.6cm·s^-1、最大减小量4.3cm·s^-1,增加量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为303m,减小量大于1cm·s^-1的区域距鱼礁区最远距离为574m。落急时,平面流速变化趋势与涨急时基本一致;垂向分布上,底层流速最大增加量7.9cm·s^-1,最大减小量3.6cm·s^-1,增加量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为271m,减小量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为333m。鱼礁建设后周边海域水交换率增加约0.1%。人工鱼礁投放后,只改变了礁区局部海域的水动力环境,对湾内其他海域没有影响。     

乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇对鲢、草鱼的联合毒性

实验按毒性单位1：1：1设计，研究乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇等化纤污水中主要污染物对鲢、草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的联合毒性。实验结果表明，乙醛＋对醛二甲酸＋乙二醇对鲢的稚鱼和幼鱼的96hLC50值分别为21300．6和27438.8mg/L；对草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的96gLC50值分别为27387．3和25606．2mg/L。联合毒性效应均表现为相加作用。     

闽江木材水运技术改革的研究

本文介绍了闽江木材水运的现状,提出并论证了在水口水电站建成后,适合于闽江木材水运的方式为拖轮拖运木捆排的方案;结合闽江航道的情况,研究了木捆排的尺寸及型式,并分析了将目前的单层木排拖运改革为木捆排拖运的经济效益。     

Interactions of Water Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization in Rice

The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utili-zation were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and re-maining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitro-gen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreasedwith nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, ricenot only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPEwhen mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management,such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and thaton decreasing NDMPE was intensified.     

温汤处理种球对亚洲百合幼苗耐热性的影响

【目的】研究温汤处理种球对亚洲百合幼苗耐热性的影响。【方法】以亚洲百合‘多安娜’(Pollyanna)为试材,研究种球在45℃下,经历不同时间梯度(0、10、20、30、40、50min)温汤处理后,其幼苗抗性生理指标及电阻抗图谱参数对38℃胁迫的反应。【结果】种球热锻炼20min,植株SOD活性及可溶性糖含量分别高于对照51.41%(P0.01)和23.45%(P0.01),根系活力比对照增加57.11%(P0.01),弛豫时间与对照无显著性差异;处理30min后,SOD活性及可溶性糖含量分别达到峰值,但与处理20min差异不显著,且根系活力下降至低于对照。【结论】种球温汤处理20min显著提高亚洲百合‘多安娜’幼苗耐热性。     

不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌对罗非鱼鱼苗的养殖水体水质及其抗病力的影响

罗非鱼鱼苗的养殖水体中引入不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌,检测水体的水质指标、鱼苗体内与免疫相关酶的酶活力、鱼苗的生长率和成活率。实验结束时,引入1.0×10^4 cfu/mL枯草芽孢杆菌实验组,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量分别为2.72 mg/L、0.15 mg/L,显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;AKP活力、抗菌活力分别达249.9 U/g prot、0.59μg/mL,显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;鱼苗成活率也显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,比对照组提高了11.0%。结果显示：适合浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效地改善鱼苗养殖水体的水质,提高机体免疫力和成活率。     

Size‐related oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) reared in a recirculating system

Oxygen consumption (OC) and ammonia excretion rates (AE) of perch were measured under commercial‐like conditions (temperature 23.3 °C) in both fed (F) and feed‐deprived groups (D). Measurements were taken in triplicate in six sized batches of perch ranging from 44.8 to 336.2 g. The mean daily OC was 288.3–180.6 mg O₂ kg^?1 h^?1 for group F fish ranging in size from 44.8 to 279.4 g body weight. The mean daily AE expressed as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) was 13.8–5.2 mg TAN kg^?1 h^?1 in the same groups. Daily peaks of OC in group F perch were observed 6 h after the onset of feeding for each size group with relatively stable values up to the end of feeding. Peaks of daily AE in group F perch were observed 10 h after the onset of feeding in each size group, with a rapid decrease up to 16 h after onset. In group D, OC was 181.1–110.5 mg O₂ kg^?1 h^?1 in the weight range 57.9–336.2 g. The daily mean AE was 1.7–0.5 TAN kg^?1 h^?1 in this group. No dramatic peaks of OC and AE were observed in group D perch.