固体水野外造林试验初报

为了寻找促进干旱半干旱地区植被恢复的新途径,对深圳市艾德迈尔科技有限公司发明的新型抗旱造林产品--"春之霖"固体水进行了研究.对使用固体水处理、秸杆覆盖处理、对照等措施进行对比试验,结果表明,固体水能够提供3个月以上的水分给苗木在干旱期中生长,使用固体水的供试苗木成活情况均在90%以上,其中山杏、白榆、青杨、沙棘和火炬树的成活分别比对照提高了32.6%,26.7%,24.2%,7.4%和61.1%.同时对固体水的释水情况进行了调查,结果表明,固体水前期的释水速度约为4 g/d,后期约为5 g/d,后期快于早期,正好为苗木进入旺盛生长提供必要的水分,可以较明显地提高造林成功率.     

利用臭氧处理水培育中华绒螯蟹苗的试验

育苗水体经臭氧处理后 ,水中的细菌得到有效抑制 ;亚硝酸盐大幅度降解 ,使水质条件得到明显改善。利用灰色系统关联度分析 ,影响出苗量作用因子的主次顺序为 :细菌总数 >氨氮 >耗氧量 >亚硝酸盐。应用正交试验找出最佳因子优化组合为 A3B1 C1 。     

点源入渗与蒸发条件下土壤水盐运移试验研究

研究盆栽条件下 ,低水量滴灌入渗及蒸发过程土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明 ,入渗过程中 ,当灌水速度为 0 .5L·h-1,灌水量为 0 .5、1.0、1.5L时 ,土壤表面湿润半径分别为 13、15、16cm ,湿润深度分别为 15、17、2 0cm。在灌水中心附近 ,土壤水分分布较边缘集中 ;盐分随水向四周扩散 ,最后积聚在干、湿土体交界处。低灌水速度情况下 ,盐分最高积聚区离湿润锋 2cm左右。蒸发过程中 ,表土层 2cm范围内土壤水分变化较剧烈 ,土壤水分逐渐集中在湿润土体中心 ;盐分表聚性逐渐减弱 ,土体边缘盐分变化量较土体中心大 ;蒸发前后 ,蒸发水量 6 6 8g ,表层 2cm范围盐分增加 7.17g。     

改进脲醛树脂胶粘剂耐水性的研究

研究了加入不同改性物质,对提高脲醛树脂胶粘剂的耐水性的作用。试验证明加人三聚氰胺或三聚氰胺加聚乙烯醇改性的脲醛树脂胶粘剂,耐水性能提高较大。     

Water Conservation Forest Impacts on the Runoff Generation and Sedimentation at Small Watershed Scale in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed

密云水库集水区水源保护林在北京地区饮用水源保护中起着非常重要的作用．本文给出了该区小流域对比实验的初步研究结果,有林小流域和无林小流域对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程较为一致的径流响应表明,土壤前期含水量对流域产流有较大的影响,在降雨较多土壤含水量较大的情况下该区产流方式可以表现为饱和地表径流．尽管该区以霍顿超渗产流为主,但对于１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程,森林流域产流总量为１３９３．８０ｍ３,无林流域为２２０２．４３ｍ３,森林流域减少洪水总量３６．７％,消减洪峰流量达３７３％．然而,１９９７年７月１９日降雨过程森林流域径流洪峰量与洪水泥沙含量均较无林流域高,这表明预处理措施对径流泥沙过程有极为显著的影响     

抗蒸腾剂对刺槐、核桃水势日变化的影响

通过对研制出的5种抗蒸腾剂F1、F2、F3、F4、F5的3种浓度0.05%、0.1%、0.5%在刺槐、核桃幼苗上的应用效果分析,得出如下结论:5种抗蒸腾叶面肥均能抑制刺槐、核桃叶水势的下降。F1处理对两种苗木叶水势下降抑制作用最小,F5处理对两种幼苗叶水势的下降抑制作用最大。各个浓度处理中,0.5%的F5处理对两种幼苗叶水势的下降抑制作用最显著。     

Vegetation succession process induced by reforestation in erosion areas

Reforestation is one of the most important and efficient measures of water and soil conservation. Based on field investigations in the Shangyang Soil Conservation and Reforestation Station in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, we studied the variation in vegetation development, vegetation succession processes and soil erosion. The regional vegetation consists mainly of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests (MEBF). The area was deforested and became a denuded hill area with extremely high soil erosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Then, the area was closed in order to allow recovery of the vegetation. Under natural conditions the vegetation development and succession processes were slow during which soil erosion and strong sunshine and evaporation slowed down the development of the vegetation. About 25 years later, the vegetation cover was still merely 35% or so. The dominant vegetation types were heliophilous herbage and shrubs which formed a poorly developed shrub-herbage community and erosion remained high. In contrast, reforestation with selected tree species dramatically speeded up the vegetation succession process. About 12 years after reforestation, vegetation cover of the Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Shangyang Station was 90% and erosion was under control. After 23 years, understory vegetation, consisting of indigenous species, had developed in the plantations. The planted trees and naturally developing herbage, shrubs, bamboo, local trees and liana formed a complex vegetation community in three layers. It will take 60 years for the vegetation to succeed from bare land to a secondary growth forest under natural conditions. Reforestation may speed up the vegetation succession process. The time may be reduced to 20 years. Reforestation is the most effective measure of vegetation restoration and erosion control in this area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2558–2565 [译自: 生态学报]     

尖山河流域不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量研究

对云南省玉溪市小尖山流域径流小区进行定位观测试验,对珠江石灰岩溶地区的不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量进行分析,结果表明：①该小流域降雨量年内分配不均,雨季（6—9月）占全年降雨量的83．2％,当降雨量大于5mm或10min雨强大于9mm／h时都会使该流域坡耕地发生产流．②灌草丛和次生林比坡耕地减少产流54．29％和92．06％,比人工林减少产流52．78％和87．13％．4个径流小区的产流大小顺序为：坡耕地〉人工林〉退耕地-灌草丛〉次生林．③土壤侵蚀量随着径流量的增加而增加,灌草丛和天然次生林分别比坡耕地减少土壤侵蚀量95．96％和99．02％,比人工林减少土壤侵蚀量64．60％和91．40％,其大小顺序与产流量一致．坡耕地、人工林、灌草丛的侵蚀量主要是由几次单次侵蚀贡献的,而次生林则是平均贡献．因此次生林防止水土流失的效果最好,在建立人工林时,应该考虑合适的复层结构,乔灌结合才能达到水土保持的最佳效果．     

地表积水状况对芦苇形态结构及生物量的影响

地表积水对芦苇形态结构及生长的影响研究结果表明：（1）地表积水深度对芦苇个体茎粗度、节间长度、节数均有显著影响。随着地表积水深度的增加芦苇平均茎粗度变大,节问变长,节数减少。（2）在不同积水状况下,芦苇地下茎形态变化明显,3种积水类型平均茎粗度排序为常年干旱〉季节性积水〉长期积水。季节性积水苇田的芦苇地下茎的节间长度较长,节数最多;常年干旱次之,但节数少;长期积水苇田的芦苇地下茎细、节间短、节数多。（3）土壤积水类型,芦苇地下茎与须根的比例差异很大。常年干旱苇田芦苇地下茎占地下部分总生物量的91．84％;季节性积水苇田芦苇地下茎占总量的54．95％;长期积水苇田的芦苇地下茎占总量的45．13％。（4）地表积水状况对芦苇个体生长有很大影响。表现为常年干旱苇田的芦苇个体粗大,密度过稀。季节性积水苇田的芦苇生物量最高,但密度较低。而长期积水苇田的芦苇粗度小,但密度最大。     

Comparative productivity of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata based agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert

Tree-crop interactions were monitored by measuring tree growth characters of Prosopis cineraria L. and Tecomella undulata L. and yields of Vigna radiata (L) in agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert. Potential competition for resource between the trees and associated crop was analyzed by measuring soil water contents, soil organic matters and NH₄-N at different depths of soil layers i.e., 0–25 cm, 25–50 cm and 50–75 cm in the experimental plots. The plots size were 16 m × 18 m (D₁), 20 m × 18 m (D₂) and 32 m × 18 m (D₃) with tree densities of 208, 138 and 104 trees·ha⁻¹ after June 2002, respectively. Results showed that tree height increased by 3% to 7% during June 2002 to June 2004. Collar diameter increased by 30% and 11% in D₁, 23% and 19% in D₂ and 18% and 36% in D₃ plots, respectively, in P. cineraria and T. undulata in two years period. The increase in crown diameter was 9% to 18% in P. cineraria and 11% to 16% in T. undulata. Tree growth was relatively greater in 2002 than in 2003. Yield of V. radiata increased linearly from D₁ to D₃ plots. Lowest soil water content at 1 m distance from tree base indicated greater utilization of soil water within the tree rooting zone. Concentrations of soil organic matters and NH₄-N were the highest (p<0.05) in 0–25 cm soil layer. P. cineraria was more beneficial than T. undulata in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yield by 11.1% and thus more suitable for its integration in agricultural land. The yield of agricultural crop increased when density of tree species was appropriate (i.e., optimum tree density), though it varied with tree size and depended upon resource availability. The result indicated bio-economic benefits of optimum density of P. cineraria and T. undulata over traditional practices of maintaining random trees in farming system in arid zones. Biography: G. Singh (1961– ), male, Scientist E and Head, Division of Forest Ecology, Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur-342005, India.