Use efficiency of nitrogen from biodigested plant material by ryegrass

Apparent nitrogen‐use efficiency of the applied mineral N (NUE_min) in effluent from biodigested plant material (BE; C : N_org ratio 14:1; mineral N–to–total N ratio 0.5:1) and a nitrate‐based inorganic fertilizer (IF), both applied at two rates was investigated in a six‐month pot experiment with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Dry‐matter (DM) production was 7% lower and total amount of N in aboveground biomass was 8% lower in BE than in IF at 40 d after sowing (DAS), equal at 81 DAS, and higher in BE than in IF at 136 and 172 DAS. NUE_min calculated on the basis of accumulated N in aboveground biomass of ryegrass in fertilized treatments compared to a control without N application was significantly lower in BE than in IF up to the third cut (136 DAS). Total NUE_min, total N recovery, and amount of foliage DM were similar for both fertilizers at the end of the experiment. Root biomass, total DM produced including roots and stubble, the fraction of root N to total plant N, and soil mineral N at 172 DAS were higher for BE than for IF. Mineral N applied with biogas‐reactor effluent was almost as effective as the nitrate‐based mineral fertilizer used for comparison. Within the six‐month experimental period net N mineralization, estimated at 12% of organic N in effluent, was not substantial. Hence, the organic compounds in the effluent were relatively recalcitrant.     

伦敦奥运会男篮比赛评析* ——兼论中国男篮差距

通过对伦敦奥运会男篮比赛分析发现,来源于欧美职业篮球联赛队员数量决定各队竞技实力,体现各国运动员国际流动与交融发展新趋势;欧、美球队呈现“高、快、灵、准、全、悍、变、星”的进攻特征及防守“以球权争夺为核心,球、人、区、时空兼顾”的先进理念;当前世界篮球区域发展不均衡,美洲占据竞技优势,欧洲整体水平高,亚、非洲实力弱,呈欧美全面抗衡格局;中国男篮竞技水平和成绩下滑明显,运动员身体机能指标和得分、失分、投篮次数、命中率、篮板球、助攻、失误、抢断指标与世界强队存在显著性差异（P﹤0.05）,盖帽、犯规无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,表现出个人能力、技战术风格、整体攻防与世界强队全方位差距,并呈逐步拉大趋势。     

Population differentiation and genetic variation inform translocation decisions for Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae, a rare New England grassland perennial

Augmentation of small rare species populations is sometimes suggested on genetic grounds. However, outbreeding depression via dilution of local adaptation or break-up of genomic coadaptation may occur. These effects depend on the causes of population divergence. Here, we compare genetic measures of population divergence in Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae, a rare New England perennial. We measured G_ST, neutral marker subdivision, and Q_ST, quantitative subdivision of propagule and juvenile plant traits. G_ST was relatively high. Q_ST for leaf shape exceeded G_ST, indicating local adaptation, while Q_ST for other traits fell within or below the G_ST range. Local adaptation appears low for juvenile traits, although the high G_ST cautions against translocation because of potential coadaptation. If translocation is still required, however, donor populations should contain high quantitative genetic diversity. We assess population size and allozyme diversity as predictors of quantitative genetic variation, but find these poor proxies for direct measurement.     

焦化废水胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

针对焦化废水污染现状,采用水培试验,研究了不同体积浓度焦化废水对玉米幼苗生长、生物量、抗氧化酶活性及非酶类抗氧化物质含量的影响,以期为焦化废水的毒性检测及生物监控指标的确定提供理论依据。结果表明,焦化废水经过A2/O工艺处理后,仍然能够显著抑制玉米幼苗的生长和生物量,且该抑制作用表现为对处理浓度和作用时间的双重依赖,处理浓度增大或作用时间延长对玉米幼苗生长和生物量的抑制作用增强;同时,经焦化废水处理后,染毒组玉米幼苗抗坏血酸(AsA)含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性明显增高,而谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性却降低。这一结果提示,焦化废水经过处理后,CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N、挥发酚、氰化物、硫化物、油等物理化学指标大幅降低,但其生态风险依然存在。     

城镇化对农民增收的作用

增加农民收入是解决“三农”问题的核心。从农民收入构成和变化趋势以及农民家庭经营收入的增长因素等方面进行研究,认为农民收入增长的主要源泉是农民工资性收入的增加。因此,城镇化建设对农民收入增加具有重要作用,应从推力和拉力两方面来加快城镇化建设,为增加农民收入创造条件。     

Dietary phosphorus does not reduce the risk for spinal deformities in a model of adjuvant‐induced inflammation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) postsmolts

Inflammation is a non‐specific protective mechanism towards injury known to affect bone remodelling. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) induced‐inflammation on the prevalence of spinal deformities of Atlantic salmon postsmolts fed with two different dietary P levels. Sextuple groups of salmon postsmolts were fed with either a low‐phosphorous (6 g kg^?1 available P, LP) or a high‐phosphorous (9 g kg^?1 available P) diet for a period of 101 days. On Day 102, individually tagged fish were subjected to (i) single injection with FCA (0.125 mg kg^?1 BW) dissolved in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) (ii) placebo injection with PBS or (iii) sham injection (insertion of needle only) or (iv) remained untreated. On Day 103, fish were given a common diet for 174 days in seawater. No significant differences in body weight were observed. Injected fish, particularly the FCA group, had more compressions in the injection site than untreated fish. No effect of diet and no interaction between treatment and diet were observed. Severe scoliosis was observed in ～7% of FCA‐injected individuals, corresponding to a mixture of bone malformations in the tail region. In conclusion, experimentally induced inflammation may be an independent risk factor for bone deformities in Atlantic salmon.     

染发废水对鲤鱼急性毒性试验研究

以鲤鱼为受试生物,将其暴露于不同浓度的染发废水中,通过半静止式试验,根据鲤鱼在各时间段的死亡率求出半致死浓度、安全浓度以及毒性累积程度系数等特征参数,探讨染发废水对鲤鱼的急性毒性,评价染发废水的毒性等级。结果表明:染发废水急性毒性等级为中等毒;染发废水在48 h内稳定性较差,48 h后才能趋于完全稳定;染发废水对鱼类急性毒性试验时间至少可缩短至48 h。     

藻类光生物反应器研究进展

微藻在转化太阳能和生产各种代谢产物方面有着广泛的应用价值和潜力。解决藻类大量培养的关键问题是研制和开发出光能利用率较高,成本相对低廉、可以大规模化生产的光生物反应器。本文概述了光生物反应器的研究历史,现状和应用前景。