乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合甲烷发酵的影响

为了解决餐厨垃圾两相干式厌氧发酵产甲烷过程中的挥发酸抑制问题,该试验在酸发酵阶段添加产乙醇菌分别进行12、24和48 h的预发酵,然后在相同条件下进行甲烷发酵,考察不同乙醇预发酵时间对餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合发酵产甲烷的影响,考察其甲烷发酵过程中的pH值、总挥发性有机酸(total volatile fatty acid,TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、乙醇等参数的变化,并与未经乙醇预发酵的对照组比较,以期为相关领域的理论与实践研究提供参考经验。结果表明:各组乙醇浓度和pH值从高到低的顺序依次为:预发酵48 h组24 h组12 h组对照组,而乙酸和TVFA则呈现相反的顺序;由于乙醇为中性物质,且比丙酸容易转化为乙酸,故可缓解由有机酸累积而导致的酸抑制,使乙醇预发酵12、24、48 h组的累积产甲烷量分别比未经预发酵对照组高9.1%、31.6%、19.9%左右,其中,乙醇预发酵24h时厌氧消化效果较好。研究为厌氧发酵产甲烷过程中的解决酸抑制问题提供参考。     

东江源沿江村镇生活垃圾物理特性分析

东江系广东及香港的饮用水源地,其源区包括江西省赣州市的寻乌、安远和定南3县。本研究在东江源区选取了3个典型村庄,调查农村生活垃圾的产生量及物理特性。调查发现:东江源区农村生活垃圾主要以厨余类垃圾为主,可达60%以上;其次是灰土类垃圾,可达12%以上,其他组分一般在10%以下。县级村人均垃圾产生量一般在0.2~0.47 kg·d-1,平均0.36 kg·d-1;镇级村人均垃圾产生量在0.18~0.35 kg·d-1,平均0.29kg·d-1;普通村人均垃圾产生量在0.07~0.33kg·d-1,平均0.17kg·d-1。混合生活垃圾含水率与厨余类垃圾所占的比例呈显著线性相关(R2=0.626,P=0.019)。混合垃圾平均热值在2 329 kJ·kg-1,不适合直接进行焚烧处理。     

Antifungal activity of liquid waste obtained from the detoxification of steam-exploded plant biomass against plant pathogenic fungi

The antifungal activity of steam-exploded liquid waste (SELW) produced by the detoxification of steam-exploded biomass of Miscanthus sinensis, Arundo donax and wheat straw for 2nd generation industrial bioethanol production was studied against plant pathogenic fungi for the first time. Quantification of fermentation inhibitors (2-furaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic and formic acid) was carried out by standard methods. Mycelial growth inhibition and conidial germination of eight fungal strains [Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Cladosporium fulvum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM), F. solani f. sp. pisi and Verticillium dahliae] were evaluated in vitro at different dilution rates (1:2, 1:4 and 1:8) for each SELW. Disease suppressiveness was assessed in vivo in eight horticultural pathosystems (A. alternata/tomato, B. cinerea/tomato, C. acutatum/strawberry, C. fulvum/tomato, FOL/tomato, FOM/melon, F. solani f. sp. pisi/pea and V. dahliae/eggplant) under greenhouse conditions. Pathogen suppression by each SELW, applied both in spray form on to tomato leaves and skins of tomato and strawberry, and by means of dipping method in watering suspensions on to seedling root systems of tomato, melon, pea and eggplant, was evaluated at dilution rates of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 using irrigation water during curative and preventive treatments. Investigations carried out in vitro showed that M. sinensis SELW was more suppressive than wheat straw SELW, and A. donax SELW was less suppressive than wheat straw SELW at the lowest dilution rates. Relationships between the concentration of 2-furaldehyde, acetic and formic acid present in SELWs and their antifungal effect were found. Moreover, B. cinerea, C. fulvum, V. dahliae, A. alternata, C. acutatum and F. solani f. sp. pisi were more effectively inhibited than FOL and FOM. Investigations performed in vivo showed that SELWs of M. sinensis and wheat straw can be diluted at a 1:2 rate and used for controlling six fungal diseases during preventive treatments. In particular, they can be used by dipping of the root systems during transplanting in the case of F. solani f. sp. pisi/pea and V. dahliae/eggplant; on the other hand, they can be nebulized on to the leaves and fruits before symptoms appearance in the case of A. alternata/tomato, B. cinerea/tomato, C. acutatum/strawberry and C. fulvum/tomato. This study is of particular interest because it points out how these SELWs could be employed in horticultural crop protection in Southern Italy, thereby making it possible to effectively combine industrial production of 2nd generation biofuels with sustainable horticulture under greenhouse conditions.     

Utilization of Agricultural Waste Compost as an Alternative Potting Media Component with Coir Dust for Leafy Vegetable Ipomoea Acquatica

The aim of this research was to study the potential utilization of an alternative potting media developed from agricultural waste compost in combination with coir dust on the growth and development of leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica (L). Agricultural waste compost was prepared from poultry litter, sawdust, rice straw, gliricidia, and cow dung. Seven different potting media were prepared by mixing compost at the rates of 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with coir dust at the rate of 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0%, respectively. Developed potting media showed adequate physical and chemical properties for Ipomea aquatica cultivation. Crop yield showed significant differences among all treatments and treatment with 100% compost gave the best growth and yield parameters. The highest plant height, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight obtained from the 100% compost were increased by 2.70, 18.07, and 18.02 times in comparison to the 100% coir with chemical fertilizer control.     

食用菌栽培废弃物综合利用的调查与分析

食用菌栽培废弃物含有大量的营养成分,具有较高的回收利用价值。本文介绍了食用菌废弃物的利用途径和方法,分析了吉林省延边地区食用菌废弃物回收利用存在的问题,并针对食用菌废弃物的综合利用提出了对策。     

浅谈《动态微生物好氧发酵技术》在污水处理厂污泥处理应用中的主要工序

国家环保主管部门近年来对污水处理厂污泥出厂做了严格规定,文中介绍了一种污泥处理新工艺,不仅使污泥处理实现减量化、无害化,还做到了资源化。同时,文中详细介绍了该新型处理工艺的主要工序、相关原理及参数等。     

危险废物处理与处置现状综述

阐述了危险废物产生现状和危害,讨论了几种常用处理与处置方法,并比较了各种方法优缺点和适用性.在上述讨论基础上,指出了危险废物焚烧处置技术是未来发展的主流趋势.     

铜仁市餐饮业餐厨垃圾现状及对策

2013年10月至2014年11月采用问卷调查的方式,对贵州省铜仁市主城区的181家餐饮企业进行了抽样调查,了解餐厨垃圾的产生情况、收运和处理现状,分析了铜仁市餐饮业餐厨垃圾处理中存在市民环保意识不强、收集处置不规范、监管体系及市场机制尚未建立等问题,并针对各原因提出相应的对策。     

乳制品废水处理工程设计实例分析

指出了徐州君乐宝国润乳业有限公司废水治理采用气浮-水解酸化-缺-～接触氧化工艺,其工艺能够承受较高的容积负荷和冲击负荷,有较广的适应性,可避免污泥膨胀的产生。对该厂废水来源及水质、废水处理工艺的选择、工艺流程特点、主要构筑物及其设备参数、工程运行效果进行了详细的分析和讲解。试验研究表明：该工艺运行稳定、出水水质较好,能够满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）中的一级排放要求。     

茶渣对儿茶素的吸附动力学

以茶渣为吸附剂,分别用拟一级动力学方程和拟二级动力学方程对其选择性吸附过程进行拟合,探讨茶渣分别对以表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯( epigallocatechin gallate , EGCG)为主的儿茶素组分、咖啡碱的吸附和解吸附动力学特性.结果发现：拟二级动力学模型能更好地描述该吸附过程;吸附后茶汤中咖啡碱与总儿茶素比值由原来的0.164降至0.079;经40％乙醇解吸后,所得解吸液中酯型儿茶素占原溶液中酯型儿茶素的86.99％,咖啡碱为24.24％;茶渣柱层析穿透实验表明,咖啡碱最早穿透,其次为简单儿茶素,酯型儿茶素穿透最晚,进一步证明茶渣对以 EGCG 为主的酯型儿茶素吸附作用最强,脱咖啡碱效果显著;解吸实验表明,40％乙醇可充分解吸茶渣所吸附的酯型儿茶素.因此,在本实验条件下,解吸附可先用10％乙醇淋洗出咖啡碱,再用40％乙醇洗脱酯型儿茶素,可望得到富含酯型儿茶素的高纯度儿茶素类产品.