Changes in Nutrient Status During Preparation of Enriched Organomineral Fertilizers Using Rice Straw,Low‐Grade Rock Phosphate,Waste Mica,and Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism

An experiment was carried out to study the changes in nutrient contents during preparation of enriched organomineral fertilizers using rice straw, low‐grade rock phosphate (RP), waste mica, and phosphate‐solubilizing microorganism (Aspergillus awamori). Composting reduced the total carbon (C) but increased total nitrogen (N) content with the progress of composting. This was reflected in the decrease of the C/N ratio. Significant increases in total phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were also observed where both RP and waste mica was added along with Aspergillus awamori. Ammonium N (NH₄ ⁺‐N) decreased while nitrate N (NO₃ ^?‐N) increased at the end of composting. Olsen P content increased up to 90 days, thereafter decreased up to day 150, whereas ammonium acetate K (NH₄OAc‐K) increased gradually with the progress of composting. The study thus revealed that crop residue could be converted into a value‐added product through composting technology using low‐grade rock phosphate and waste mica along with phosphate‐solubilizing microorganisms.     

以有机废弃物为主的辣椒无土育苗基质配方研究

筛选以有机废弃物为主的辣椒无土育苗基质配方。以辣椒品种‘陇椒2号’为材料,采用完全随机设计,用T1:(玉米秸杆∶炉渣∶沼渣;V/V=1∶2∶1;体积比,下同);T2:(沼渣:炉渣:牛粪;V/V=1.5∶2∶0.5);T3:(玉米秸杆∶炉渣∶牛粪;V/V=1∶2∶1);T4:(菇渣:炉渣:牛粪;2∶1∶1);T5:(玉米秸杆∶炉渣∶牛粪∶菇渣;V/V=1∶1∶1∶1)和山东寿光绿尔旺育苗基质为对照,分析6种配方基质的理化性质,以及对辣椒幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:T4配方基质的容重为0.52 g cm-3,总孔隙度为59.7%,持水孔隙度为46.9%,通气孔隙度为12.8%,水气比为3.7,pH为8,电导率为0.21 mS cm-1,各项理化性质接近对照;T4配方基质的‘陇椒2号’株高为20.88 cm,茎粗为0.23 cm,根长为7.88 cm,全株鲜重2.48 g,全株干重为0.405 g,茎叶干重为0.280 g,根干重为0.125 g,壮苗指数为0.44,根冠比为0.45,叶绿素含量为0.58 mg g-1 FW,其中全株鲜重、根干重、壮苗指数虽不及对照,但与对照间差异不显著,其它指标接近对照。在草炭匮乏的地区,辣椒无土育苗时可选用T4和T5配方。     

太湖流域农村生活垃圾产排污系数测算研究

选取太湖流域典型农村9户农户（高、中、低收入水平各3户农户）作为研究对象,采用现场监测及入户调查的方法对农户生活垃圾污染物产排系数进行为期一年的系统定量研究,结果表明：收入水平对农户总垃圾、有机垃圾、有机垃圾TN、TP产排污系数及可回收垃圾产污系数影响极显著（P〈0.01）,具体表现为高收入农户〉中收入农户〉低收入农户,但对农户有害垃圾产排污系数及可回收垃圾排污系数无显著性影响（P〉0.05）。因此,除有害垃圾产排污系数及可回收垃圾排污系数外,农户总垃圾、有机垃圾、有机垃圾TN、TP产排污系数及可回收垃圾产污系数可按收入水平划分。各收入水平农户有机垃圾占总垃圾比例超过80%,表明有机垃圾的综合利用效率特别是畜禽养殖率是影响生活垃圾污染物排放系数的主导因素,而农业收入水平则对这种因素影响显著。     

施用液态家畜废物的水稻田土壤中硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的研究

Most studies on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in paddy soils were conducted in the laboratory and in situ studies are in need for better understanding of the DNRA process.In this study,in situ incubations of soil DNRA using 15 N tracer were carried out in paddy fields under conventional water (CW) and low water (LW) managements to explore the potential of soil DNRA after liquid cattle waste (LCW) application and to investigate the impacts of soil redox potential (Eh) and labile carbon on DNRA.DNRA rates ranged from 3.06 to 10.40 mg N kg 1 dry soil d 1,which accounted for 8.55%-12.36% and 3.88%-25.44% of consumption of added NO 3-15 N when Eh at 5 cm soil depth ranged from 230 to 414 mV and 225 to 65 mV,respectively.DNRA rates showed no significant difference in paddy soils under two water managements although soil Eh and/or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were more favorable for DNRA in the paddy soil under CW management 1 d before,or 5 and 7 d after LCW application.Soil DNRA rates were negatively correlated with soil Eh (P < 0.05,n=5) but positively correlated with soil DOC (P < 0.05,n=5) in the paddy soil under LW management,while no significant correlations were shown in the paddy soil under CW management.The potential of DNRA measured in situ was consistent with previous laboratory studies;and the controlling factors of DNRA in paddy soils might be different under different water managements,probably due to the presence of different microfloras of DNRA.     

盐度降低间歇曝气动态膜生物反应器净化水产养殖废水的效果

采用间歇曝气动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)处理不同盐度下的水产养殖废水,研究盐度对有机物降解和反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:当盐度在0～35g/L范围内,随着盐度的提高,由于盐度对微生物的抑制作用,在含盐条件下有机物降解和反硝化效率下降,间歇曝气动态膜生物反应器对水产养殖废水化学需氧量CODMn的去除率从89.5%下降到75.5%;出水总氮TN去除率从89.9%下降到74.4%。通过对有机物降解速率常数和反硝化速率常数的动力性模拟,CODMn降解速率常数和硝态氮NO3--N的降解速率常数随盐度的提高呈线性下降的趋势,其线性回归模型的决定系数分别为0.9838、0.9665。盐度对水产养殖废水反硝化过程的抑制作用要大于有机物降解过程。     

不同有机固体废弃物水解产酸特性研究

在实验室条件下,考察了农村常见的3大类10种有机固体废弃物水解产酸特性及其作为秸秆两相厌氧发酵水解相混合原料的可行性,对原料水解过程中水解液的pH值,COD,挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)组成及含量进行了分析.结果表明,不同原料水解产酸特性存在较大差异,但也有一定的共性,在实验用10种废弃物中,除白菜残体外,其他9种废弃物水解液中VFAs组成均为乙酸占绝对多数,白菜残体、鸡粪和包菜帮水解液中丙酸含量较高,西兰花秆和西瓜皮中异丁酸含量较高,其他原料水解液中丙酸、丁酸和戊酸含量均较低甚至未检出;在实验用10种原料中,厨余垃圾水解产酸的效果最好,水解液pH值最低达3.64,COD最高达65992 mg·L-1,且VFAs中以乙酸为主,不会对后续产甲烷产生抑制,最适合作为秸秆两相厌氧发酵水解相的混合原料.从各物料水解产酸特性看,这10种废弃物均可作为厌氧发酵产沼气的原料,但厨余垃圾、包菜帮和西兰花秆厌氧发酵产沼气时需提防酸抑制影响产气的问题.     

牛粪与餐厨废弃物混合比例对厌氧发酵产氢的影响

为了提高厌氧产氢菌利用复杂原料产氢的能力和稳定性,在35℃条件下,采用批式试验,考察了牛粪与餐厨废弃物混合比例对混合厌氧发酵产氢的挥发性固体产氢率、pH值、液相末端产物组成和挥发性固体去除率等发酵特性的影响.试验结果表明,当牛粪与餐厨废弃物比例接近时,体系pH值维持在5.5左右,丁酸为主要液相末端产物,二者以40:40混合时,挥发性固体产氢率和挥发性固体去除率均达到最大值,分别为17 mL/g和27.9％;当底物以餐厨废弃物为主时,体系pH值在4.0以下,乙醇为主要液相末端产物,不产氢;当牛粪为主要底物时,体系pH值在6以上,乙酸为主要液相末端产物,产氢率低.     

不同处理条件下生猪屠宰场废弃物堆肥基本性质及微生物区系变化研究

本研究旨在分析生猪屠宰场废弃物高温堆肥过程中其基本性质和微生物特性的动态变化规律,探讨添加不同微生物菌剂对屠宰场废弃物堆肥进程的影响.试验结果表明:屠宰场废弃物堆肥温度、种子发芽指数(GI)、草籽灭活率、卫生指标和微生物数量的变化规律与动物粪便高温堆肥规律基本相同,但所用时间略长,pH在升温阶段大幅度升高,然后持平,最后略有降低.在堆肥过程中,微生物数量总的趋势是细菌的数量最多,放线菌次之,真菌的数量最少.向堆肥中添加微生物菌剂可加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期.其中添加微生物菌剂3的堆肥,各项指标变化相对较快,综合判定添加菌剂3的堆肥效果最好.     

屠宰场羊废弃物堆肥基本性质及微生物区系变化

于2011年夏季对屠宰场羊废弃物堆肥过程中基本性质和微生物区系的动态变化规律进行了研究,同时探讨了添加不同微生物菌剂对废弃物堆肥进程的影响.结果表明:随着堆肥进程的推进,屠宰场羊废弃物堆肥温度先升高后降低,种子发芽指数和草籽灭活率一直呈增加趋势,大肠菌群的最可能数和蛔虫卵死亡率则呈下降趋势.堆肥pH值在快速升温阶段大幅度升高(平均上升了1.75),然后持平,最后略有降低(pH值平均为8.20).在堆肥过程中,开始升温阶段3种微生物数量均有增加,但细菌增速最大,从平均2.42亿CFU·g-1增加到5.16亿CFU·g-1,放线菌和真菌缓慢增加;到快速升温阶段放线菌和真菌增幅变大,细菌数量急剧减少;真菌数量较放线菌数量变化缓慢.向堆肥中添加微生物菌剂可加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期.添加微生物菌剂4(北京产)的堆肥各项指标变化相对较快,综合判定添加菌剂4的堆肥效果最佳.     

石河子垦区耕地土壤污染问题分析

基于近十年的社会经济和资源环境数据,从农药和化肥、地膜、废水等方面探讨石河子垦区耕地土壤污染问题,发现农药、化肥、地膜的平均增长率远大于耕地平均增长率(仅为0.003),地膜覆盖面积平均为73%,废水实际达标率不足50%。文中提出评价模型,结果表明其耕地土壤污染中度偏轻,并分析了相关影响因素,最后作对策研究,以期为土壤污染治理提供相关参考。