Outcrossing rates of barley landraces from Syria

Diversity levels in populations of barley landraces may be influenced by varying levels of natural outcrossing caused by environmental conditions. Outcrossing was studied in 10 accessions of the barley landrace Arabi Aswad from different environments in Syria. Electrophoretic variation at two codominant isoenzymes (Est1 and Est2) in six seeds of 50 families per population were analysed and multilocus outcrossing rates calculated. Results were correlated with interpolated environmental conditions. Outcrossing was, on average, 1.7% and not significantly different from the outcrossing rate of wild barley. A significant increase of outcrossing was observed with increasing inter‐annual variation in rainfall and decreasing minimum temperatures of the coldest month.     

重金属对大麦幼苗膜脂过氧化及脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响

采用室内水培法,研究了不同浓度(1、10、50、100mg·L-1)Cd2 、Pb2 、Hg2 、Ni2 胁迫对大麦幼苗根膜脂过氧化水平及脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,不同浓度重金属均可诱导根细胞膜透性增大,随着重金属浓度的增加,根外渗液的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增大,二者与重金属浓度呈正相关。重金属胁迫下,脯氨酸含量呈先降后升的变化趋势。根内可溶性糖含量的变化随重金属浓度的增加逐渐下降。4种重金属中以Cd2 对膜脂过氧化水平(MDA)和可溶性糖含量的影响最大,而Pb2 、Ni2 对脯氨酸含量的影响最为明显。     

浙江省不同地区稻茬免耕大麦高产栽培函数模型及优化方案的研究

利用五元二次回归通用旋转设计,研究了播种量、有机肥、氮、磷、钾肥用量与稻茬免耕大麦产量及其构成因素的函数关系.对建立的函数模型进行电子计算机模拟选优,筛选到浙江省主要大麦产区>350kg/亩的最佳农艺方案.本研究还明确了不同生态地区五种农艺因子对籽粒产量和构成因素的作用程度以及因子之间的互作关系.     

Siebsortierung von Getreide mit Hilfe der quantitativen Bildanalyse

Sieve grading of cereal kernels by means of quantitative image analysis
In former investigations several possibilities to apply computerized quantitative image analysis (CQJA) in the field of crop science have been reported. In the present studies applicability of this technique have been tested to accurately determine sieve grading of barley kernels. Accordingly, CQJA seems to be appropriate for measuring and processing digitalized image information of the respective length and thickness of grain kernels both, at high velocity and precision, and it can be done at any classification of kernel sizes. Contamination of the cereals by broken grain and/or other non-grain material can be discriminated by integrating threshold levels of minimum and maximum diameters respectively. It is argued that major advantages of the proposed automated CQJA-equipment could be (1) control of sieve grading and calibration processes of seeds and (2) sieve grading of the kernels of individual ears for breeding purposes.     

Epicuticular Wax of the First Leaves of Two Barley Cultivars Studied by Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy

Chemical fixation and critical point drying of plant tissue prior to scanning electron microscopy often degrades the outermost layer of the specimen, i.e. the epicuticular wax. Knowledge of the unaltered wax, including its morphology, is important because the wax constitutes the interface between the plant and its surroundings. Having worked previously with barley leaves (anatomy, infection biology of pathogens), we found it of interest to examine and describe the wax morphology on barley leaves and to determine whether or not there were differences between cultivars. Hence, the morphology of the epicuticular wax on the first leaf of two spring barley cultivars has been studied by scanning electron microscopy following cryofixation.
The wax on both cultivars consists chiefly of scales with a small proportion of rods and granules. There is little variation in wax morphology over each leaf side, and only minor differences between the abaxial and adaxial sides of the same leaf. Distinct differences are, however, observed between the two cultivars, especially regarding the thickness and the shape of the wax scales. The wax bodies cover the entire surface of a leaf except for parts of trichomes and guard cells, and some scattered wax free areas.
The morphology and distribution of wax are discussed in relation to studies made on barley leaves using different techniques. Also, the implications of wax morphology for disease resistance are briefly discussed.     

Variation of Grain and Malt Qualities in Barley as Affected by Cultivars and Environments

Inferior and unstable quality of malt barley in China has limited its wide use in malting and brewing industries. In this research, eight two-rowed barley cultivars were planted at 7 locations with different ecological conditions in southern China, to investigate the cultivar and environmental effect on grain and malt qualities. The results showed that grain protein content differed dramatically among locations, but there were no significant differences among cultivars. For four malt qualities including diastatic power, wort viscosity,Kolbach index and malt extract, significant differences were found among cultivars and locations, except for diastatic power among cultivars. Coefficients of variance (CV) caused by location were greater than those caused by cuitivar for each quality parameter, especially for diastatic power and Kolbach index, indicating the predominant influence of environment on malt quality. The analysis showed that grain protein content was positively related to diastatic power and wort viscosity, and negatively to malt extract. Kolbach index was positively related to malt extract, and negatively to diastatic power and wort viscosity. Diastatic power showed positive and negative correlation with wort viscosity and malt extract, respectively.     

Spring Cereals for Forage and Grain Production in a Cool Maritime Climate

Newfoundland's climate is marginal for agricultural production. The availability of locally grown cereal grain and high‐quality forage are major limitations to successful animal agriculture in this region. Here, our overall objective was to compare several spring cereal species for both annual forage and grain production in Newfoundland's cool Maritime climate. Several varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)–cereal mixtures for forage yield and quality, as well as grain yield and maturity, were compared in field trials on the east and west coasts in both 1999 and 2000. Barley headed earliest, yielded greatest forage dry matter, had lowest forage protein and acid detergent fibre (ADF) percentages, and had neutral detergent fibre (NDF) mean values greater than those of pea–cereal mixtures, but less than those of oats and wheat. Forage harvested from pea–cereal mixtures was similar to that of barley for yield, ADF and NDF, while P and protein percentage were much greater. Barley matured 10–15 days earlier than both wheat and oats. In general terms, all three spring cereals exhibited similar grain yield potential. Oats tillered less, but compensated by producing more kernels spike^?1. Days to maturity for cereal grains in western Newfoundland were roughly similar to those reported for the Maritime provinces of Canada. Yield and maturity results for both forage and grain production suggest that eastern Newfoundland is a unique agro‐ecoregion in North America, and agronomic recommendations specific to other regions may not be applicable in this region.     

Genotypic Difference in Plant Growth and Mineral Composition in Barley Under Aluminum Stress

Four barley genotypes (Tiantaiyangdamai, Xiyin2, Mimai114 and Tai94-Ce6) were exposed to0, 50, 100, and 150 μM of Al-containing solution with pH 4.5, to determine the differences in growth inhibi-tion, Al concentration and accumulation and mineral composition among genotypes. The results showed thatMimai114 and Tai94-Ce6 had significantly higher Al concentration and accumulation than Tiantaiyangdamiand Xiyin2, especially in roots, and the growth traits including root and shoot dry weights, shoot height, rootlength and tillers per plant were more inhibited in the former two genotypes. Al treatments caused a significantreduction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in shoots ; and a significant increase in Fe and Zn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in roots. The changed rates of mineral contentcaused by Al treatments, in terms of the content in 150 μM Al divided by the content in the control, differedsignificantly among four genotypes. Two Al-sensitive genotypes, Mimai114 and Tai94-Ce6 had much greater changesin mineral content than other two Al-tolerant genotypes Tiantaiyangdamai and Xiyin2 when subjected to Al stress incomparison with the control. It is indicated that the Al-tolerant genotype is characterized by less uptake and accumula-tion of Al in roots and smaller disorders in mineral metabolism and ion homeostasis.     

SALINITY-HEAVY METAL INTERACTIONS IN FOUR SALT-TOLERANT PLANT SPECIES

The concurrent effect of NaCl salinity and heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)] on growth, sodium (Na), and heavy metal accumulation was assessed in four salt tolerant plant species. These were: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), Inula crithmoides L., and Plantago coronopus L., all of which have documented potential for use in saline agriculture. Plants were grown in perlite and irrigated with salinized and non-salinized nutrient solutions (9 dS m^?1 and 18 dS m^?1) containing 2 ppm Cd, 4 ppm Cr, 10 ppm Ni, and a non-metal control. Salinity, Cd, and Ni caused a significant decrease in the dry biomass accumulation of P. oleracea, but had no effects on other plant species. Sodium accumulation was highest in P. coronopus and I. crithmoides, indicating pronounced halophytic properties. The presence of heavy metals reduced Na accumulation in H. vulgare and P. oleracea, but had no effect on P. coronopus and I. crithmoides, indicating that the Na-heavy metal interaction is plant-specific. Metal accumulation in the four plant species was generally enhanced by the 9 dS m^?1 treatment, but not by the 18 dS m^?1 treatment. This could indicate the presence of an ionic exclusion mechanism operating at high salinity levels that would operate indiscriminately on Na as well as on Cd, Cr, and Ni